PAthomorph- Lect 5 Pathology of Nasal Cavity | Quizlet

Equine Ethmoidal Progressive Hematomes is common in, what does it cause/characterisation, what's the origin and pathomorph

-C in older horses

-Characterised by chronic, progressive, often unilateral nasal bleeding

-Unknown origin

-PM: single, soft, tumour like dark red mass arising from mucosa of ethmoid bine

Nasal cavity inflammation-Rhinitis usually occurs w what? what is it caused by? what does it result in?

Panasal sinus inflam sinusitis

-changes in balance b/w normal flora of nasal cavity and potential pathogens in nasal cavity

-Disruption of defensive mechanisms and nasal discharge

Serous Rhinitis results in, causes of it are?

-Mildest form

-only hyperemia and swelling with synthesis of watery fluid abundant in protein produced by serous gland present in nasal mucosa

-CAUSES: mild irritants, cold air, early phases of viral infections, mild allergic reactions

Catarrhal Rhinitis results in

-besides hyperemia and swelling also synthesis of exudates abundant in mucus bc of increased activity of goblet cells and mucous glands

-Exudates is thick, translucent, slightly turbid viscous fluid, containing few exfoliated cells, leukocytes and cellular debris

PURULENT RHINITIS, characterised by and causes of it

- characterized by presence of neutrophilic exudates

-exudates is thick, opaque, vary from white to green to brown depending on the cause

-neutrophils can be present within mucosa, submucosa, blood vessels, between epithelial cells and on the mucosal surface

CAUSES: more severe injury usually connected with secondary bacterial infections and tissue necrosis

Fibrinous RHINITIS, characterised by and causes of it

-characterized by presence of exudates abundant in plasma fibrinogen->fibrin

-fibrin=yellow, tan or gray rubbery mat on nasal mucosa and can forms= pseudomembrane (distinct film of exudates

CAUSES: injury that cause a severe increase in vascular permeability to plasma protein

Types of rhinitis

1. serous

2. cattarrhal

3. Purulent

4.Fibrinous

5. Granulomatous

Granulomatous RHINITIS, characterised by and causes of it

-Characterizing by presence of activated macrophages mixed w lymphocytes and plasma cell in nasal mucosa and submucosa

-often inflammatory response lead to formation tumoral lesions that can protrude from nares or to cause obstruction of nasal passage

CAUSES: chronic allergies, infection with specific organisms or foreign bodies

sinusitis characterisation and causes if it

– usually connected or sequel of rhinitis rarely as single entity

-bc of poor drainage exudates often accumulate and cause distension of the sinus and facial deformity

Mucocele- catarrhal inflam

Empyema-purulent inflam

-CAUSES: penetrating wounds, improper dehorning that exposes the frontal sinus, tooth infection in horses and dogs

Nasal tumours occurence

_ Not common in companion animals

-Median Age= 10

PAthomorph of nasal tumours

-usually malignant types with low tendency to metastasis but locally invasive

=adenocarcinomas, fibrosarcomas, osteosarcomas,

chondrosarcomas, lymphomas

- rarely benign types

=papillomas, adenomas

Clinical signs of nasal tumours

-signs attributable to rhinitis but w/out /minimal response to therapy

-chronic progressive unilateral (rarely bilateral) nasal bleeding or/and discharge

-facial deformity, sneezing, dyspnea or difficulties and sound in breathing

-Possible neuro signs

Endemic Ethmoidal Carcinoma occurs in , what is cause, what is pathomorph?

-Sheep, goat, cattle horse pig

-oncogenic retrovirus that cause malignant transformation of surface nasal mucosa epithelium and glands of ethmoidal conchae

PM

-locally invasive, not metastasize

-often occludes the nasal passage and

-deformed facial part of the head

EQUINE VIRAL NASAL INFECTIONS causes, clinically and PM

CAUSES -via aerogenous route

-rhinopneumonitis virus

-influenza virus type A

-adenovirus

-rhinovirus

CLINICALLY

-usually mild and transient infections

-conjunctivitis

-nasal discharge

-malaise, fever, coughing

PM

lesions can be absent

after secondary bacterial infections

Equine Bacterial Nasal Infections include

1. Strangles

2. Glanders

(usually systemic w nasal involvement)

Strangles is causes by, occurrence, clinically

-Streptocoocus equi

-Foals and young Eq

-Cough

-nasal discharge

-Conjunctivitis

-Painful swelling of regional lymph nodes

Strangles Pathomorph

-purulent rhinitis and lymphangitis

-often fistulas at the base of the head

-Inflammation and pus accumulation in guttural pouches

-Poss dissemination of internal organs

Glanders is causes by, occurrence, clinically

-Burkholderia Mallei

-Eq, mules donkeys and carnivores

Glanders Pathomorph

-Pyogranulomatous nodules/ulcers on nasal mucosa

-after healing they form typical star-shaped fibrous scars

-numerous military nodules randomly scattered in the lung parenchyma

-pymogranulomas, draining sinuses in regional lymph nodes

Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis is also called what and what is it

-Highly contagious infection that manifest by acute onset of coughing

Porcine atrophic Rhinitis causes and clinically

-complex etiology

-Synergist of numerous pathogens that inhibit osteoblastic activity

-Rhinitis w nasal mucopurulent discharge

-Conchae atrophy and assymetry

-Nasal + facial deformity

Oestrosis occurence, cause

-sheep, sporadically goats, dogs and humans

-Oestrus ovis deposit larvae in nostril- large maggot in nasal passage/sinuses- dropped by nares onto the ground--->adult

Oestrosis clinically and PM

-presence of maggot in nasal cavity, sinuses

-purulent and erosive rhinitis and sinusitis

mucopurulent nasal discharge

-sneezing, breath difficulties

-sometimes neurologic signs

Canine rhinitis causes and PM and clinically

-Viruses, bact, fungi, hypersensitivity

PM

-acute to chronic or transient clinical signs

-sneezing, stretor, dyspnea

-serous to mucopurulent and bloody discharge

-lacrimation

-inflammatory lesions in nasal cavity

-Turbinates deformity

NAsal Mycoses causes, manifestation

Aspergilus fumigatus in dogs more common

Cyptocoocus neoformans- in cats more common

-Chronic signs of rhitis

-pain, sneezing

-Ulceration & depigmentation of nares dogs

-Deformity and masses cats

NAsal Mycoses

- Possible destruction of nasal septa

-Masses

Cause of kennel cough, Clinically and PM

Synergism between

-environmental factors

- microbes

Clinical + PM

-catarrhal to purulent rhinitis

-catarrhal to purulent tracheobronchitis

-conjunctivitis

-enlargement of tonsils and regional lymph nodes

- bronchopneumonia or pneumonia after secondary bacterial infection

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis is common in, caused by

-Young kittens

-FHV1, FCV, chlamydia felis, mycoplasma felis

-Ocular and nasal discharge

-Sneezing, lethargy & anorexia

-Corneal ulcers

-Bronchopneumonia

Laryngeal Paralysis/Hemiplegia is, cause and pathomorph

-Roaring atrophy of lateral and dorsal crico-arytenoid muscles, esp on left side

Causes- denervation, secondary nerve damage, unknown

Clinically- roaring during exercise

-Laryngeal muscles smaller and paler

Tracheal collapse and stenosis is, occurrence, PM

-Segmental reduction of tracheal lumen or narrowing of entire length of trachea

Occurence

-Toy, horse, cattle & goats

PM in dog

-Dorsalventral flattening of tracheal lumen

-Horse narrowing is lateral