Biology Final Exam

old material, quizzes and exams; warning there may be duplicates due to quiz questions being reused on exams

a form of diffusion in which the molecules are transported by a protein instead of between the phospholipids is called

facilitated diffusion

All ________ tissue have a free surface and a basement membrane. The cells are tightly joined to each other and function ________

epithelial; as a barrier, in secretion, or absorption

in epithelial tissues, the ________ serve(s) to anchor the epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue.

basement membrane

scientists have discovered a new protein in a recently found bacteria. In their published paper on the discovery, they showed an image of the final 3D structure of this protein which is composed of only one polypeptide chain. The scientists have given you information about the ________ structure of the new protein.

tertiary

why does a protein not function after it has been denatured?

the normal bonding between the R groups has been disturbed and the protein unfolds and loses its normal shape.

________ is/are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

ribosomes

the sides of the DNA ladder (backbone) at the red arrows are the

alternating sugar and phosphate groups

some drugs used in cancer chemotherapy stop cell division by preventing the assembly of a specific component of the cytoskeleton that forms the spindle apparatus which moves the chromosomes within the dividing cell. The drugs would cause functional disabilities in which of the following?

microtubules

an experiment in the laboratory, a small colored molecule is injected into one cell. Within minutes, the molecule has entered the adjacent cells. What type of junction connects these cells?

gap junction

________ provides instructions for the primary sequence of polypeptide chains and for the cell's RNAs.

DNA

Amino acids are the monomer units of which of the following types of biological molecules?

proteins

the two types of cells the make up the nervous tissue are

neurons, which generate nerve impulses, and neuroglia cells that support and insulate

which structure in the human body will use flagella to move?

sperm

iodine is found at higher concentration within cells of the thyroid gland, where it is used in the synthesis of two different hormones, than outside these cells. Iodine would be transported into these cells by

active transport

________ tissue receives sensory input, integrates data, and conducts impulses.

nervous

________ tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue type in the body. In all cases it consists of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

connective

often when a person is admitted to the hospital, an intravenous solution of normal saline is begun. Since this does not harm the patient, what is the tonicity of the normal saline compared to your blood?

isotonic

A biology student was looking at a tissue under a microscope. It had cells within lacunae, and the matrix was glassy looking. the tissue they were looking at was

cartilage

when an ATP molecule is used to supply energy, which of the following occurs?

the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken

the nucleolus is where

ribosome subunits are synthesized and assembled

the specialized cells in the nervous system that serve to conduct a signal are known as

neurons

proteins and nucleic acids are examples of biological polymers. which of the following is true about polymers

are made up of building block units called monomers

all the following tissues are examples of connective tissue proper except

blood

if liver cells were to be place in a beaker with a solution containing the same solute concentration as that found inside the cells, we would say that the beaker contained a(n) ________ soultion

isotonic

the three major components of connective tissue are

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

a researcher suspects that the food in an ecosystem has been contaminated with radioactive phosphates over a period of months. which of the following substances could be examined for radioactive phosphate to test the hypothesis?

DNA of the organisms in the area

the photo below shows the virus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is 0.1 micrometers in size. the photo was taken with a ________ microscope

transmission electron

which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane

carbohydrates bonded to proteins marks the cell as belonging to a particular individual

________ tissue covers the body surfaces, lines the body cavities and organs, and forms glands

epithelial

________ cartilage is found in disks between the vertebrae, _______ cartilage is found at the tip of the nose and at the ends of long bones, and ________ cartilage is found in the outer ear

fibro; hyaline; elastic

In a research paper published January 29, 2003, scientists at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego announced that they had genetically engineered a bacterium, E. coli, to produce a 21st amino acid, creating the world’s first unnatural organism. The group believes that if they can add additional amino acids, they might develop creatures that can make their own vitamins or even their own antibiotics. The scientists at the Scripps Institute have created an organism that makes an additional monomer, the 21st amino acid. What is different between this 21st amino acid an the other 20 known amino acids?

It has a different R group

the best description of the two components of blood is

formed elements and plasma

a species has 29% of its DNA composed of the nucleotide containing guanine (G). what percent does the nitrogen base thymine (T) equal?

21%

which of the following is the correct order for the synthesis of insulin (a protein) molecule to its release from a Beta-islet cell of the pancreas

RER - transport vesicle - Golgi apparatus - secretory vesicle - plasma membrane

when a human cell is placed into water, it swells. this can be said to be due to osmosis. What's happening to make the cell swell?

water is diffusing across the plasma membrane from a region of lower solute concentration (outside the cell) to an area of higher solute concentration (inside the cell)

________ refers to the movement of large molecules across the plasma membrane into the cell.

endocytosis

One of the dangers of smoking is that is disrupts the defensive system that utilizes ciliary action of what type of specialized epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

cardiac muscle works hard and therefore produced and consumes much ATP. you expect ________ to be especially numerous in the cardiac muscle cells.

mitochondria

A reddish chemical, lipofuscin, is found in greater quantities in cells of older people than those from younger people. This chemical should be broken down in the cells. Which specific type of organelle is not working well in the seniors?

lysosomes

there are glands in the esophagus called esophageal glands. Below is a photo of secretion through the esophagus showing esophageal glands known as ducts (red arrows) leading form the glands to the lumen of the esophagus (where food is being moved towards the stomach). Esophageal glands are an example of ________ glands.

exocrine

________ epithelial cells function in secretion or absorption and are found in many glands in the kidney tubules

cuboidal

The _______ are the most abundant white blood cells, have a multi lobed nucleus, and are the first responders to invasion.

neutrophils

In the Adaptive Immune Response, the cell-mediated response involves ________ and the antibody-mediated response involves ________

T-cells; effector B-cells

in what way are lymphatic vessels different from veins in the cardiovascular system

take up excess extracellular tissue fluid

which body system will return excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system

lymphatic

these formed elements of blood are biconcave shaped, contain no nucleus when mature and transport oxygen to the cell

erythrocytes

which of the following is the correct steps in the formation of a blood clot after puncture to a blood vessel

vessels constrict - platelets congregate - platelets form a plug - prothrombin activator is released - prothrombin - thrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin

David's heart began to beat much faster when it came to the scary scene in the movie. Which portion of the nervous system causes the heart to beat faster when afraid

sympathetic

which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit

right ventricle

all of the following are true of antigens except they

are Y shaped protein molecules

the correct range of systolic and diastolic pressure for normal blood pressure is

120/80

an antigen is

anything the immune system recognizes as foreign to the body

which of the following is a function of the spleen

removes worn out red blood cells

cytotoxic T cells produce ________ that punch holes in the plasma membranes of cancer cells or cells infected with a potential pathogen

perforins

blood leaves the ________ of the heart through the ________ then splits to the right and left ________ to enter the lungs.

right ventricle; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary arteries

an infection of the thin layer of tissue around the inner cavities of the heart itself would affect the

endocardium

the top number of blood pressure is called ________ and ________ during each heartbeat

systolic; is highest pressure in an artery

what is the function of the valves in the veins

prevent the backward flow of blood

the liquid portion of the blood that consists of about 55% of the total volume of blood is referred to as

plasma

________ is the process whereby cells engulf pathogens and foreign substance

phagocytosis

all of the following are components of the first line of defense except

interferons

organ specific autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto's, Thyroiditis, and Type one diabetes, are caused by problematic ________ whereas non organ specific autoimmune diseases such as system lupus erythematosus, are caused by problematic ________

t-cells; b-cells

the cells that act as the main switch for the adaptive immune response are the ________

helper T cells

thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin, vitamin K, and the liver all play an important role in

the coagulation (clotting) of blood

________ are protein molecules produced by plasma cells are specific to an antigen and eliminate that antigen

antibodies

B-cells to a specific antigen are selected and begin to divide during the Adaptive Immune Response after they have been stimulated by a specific

Helper T cell

which of the following are agranular leukocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

what is occurring in the heart when diastolic pressure is being measured

the heart ventricles are relaxing

which of the following statements is true concerning the contraction of the chambers of the heart during the cardiac cycle

both atria contract simultaneously then both ventricles contract simultaneously

which protein, found in red blood cells, transports oxygen in the bloodstream

hemoglobin

a person who sits for hours on a long airplane flight may have problems with blood pooling below the knees. Why

the skeletal muscle below the knees are not helping blood return to the heart

all of the following are considered to be a barrier to entry of a pathogens as part of the first line of defense of the innate immune system EXCEPT

natural killer cells

which of the following is the correct electrical signal conduction pathway through the heart

SA node - AV node - AV bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

what is the name of the thick, membraneous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

pericardium

the "lub" sound of the "lub-dub" heartbeat is due to

the closing of the atrioventricular valves

what are the two components of the cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

which of the following is not one of the functions of the cardiovascular system

conduct neural impulses throughout the body

which of the following blood vessels are small, thin, and porous enough to exchange substances at the tissues

capillaries

all of the following are cardinal signals of inflammation except

fever

the process by which immune cells, T cells, and B cells, increase in number after being activated to respond to an antigen is called

clonal expansion

which blood vessel will contain blood with the greatest amount of oxygen

left common carotid artery

agglutination refers to the

clumping of red blood cells

molecules found on our cells that distinguish them as "self" are the

Major Histocompatibility Complex

which of the following is an example of an innate defense of the body

the inflammation response occurring when pathogens have entered the body

A person with type O blood has ________ antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and produce ________ antibodies

neither A nor B; Both anti-A and anti-B

The ________ is considered the pacemaker of the heart

sinoatrial (SA) node

Ivonna, 15, was exposed to the measles virus 13 days ago but doesn't seen to be getting sick. She was sick from the disease when she was 10, so her body has most likely activated the ________ response

secondary

Thick muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart are the

arteries

________ are actually cell fragments and not whole cells that are found in the blood

platelets

all of the following vessels are part of the systemic circuit except the

pulmonary veins

A hospital laboratory technician injects a dye into a vein in your right arm. The first chamber of the heart that the dye will reach is the

right atrium

in which of the following scenarios would be hemolytic disease of the newborn be a possibility

mom is Rh negative and dad is Rh positive

which of these white blood cells give rise to plasma cells, which then produce antibodies

B-lymphocytes

an extreme response to triggers such as insect stings, medications, foods such as shell fish that result in the pooling of blood in capillaries that makes breathing difficult is called

anaphylactic shock

the features common to all blood vessels are

lumen and endothelium

kidney cells produce the hormone ________ in response to low levels of oxygen thereby leading to an increased production of red blood cells.

erythropoietin

the ________ could be used to take a pulse

radial artery

the ________ is the cell structure that is composed of a stack of slightly curved sacs that are important in modifying, packaging, and secretion of proteins

Golgi complex

Observe the structures of the 2 amino acids shown below. What makes one amino acid different from another amino acid?

The "R" group

All ________ tissue have a free surface and a basement membrane. the cells are tightly joined to each other and function as a barrier.

epithelial