Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2 Lab Exam

Interpleural pressure

The pressure within the pleural cavity, the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This pressure is typically negative, meaning that it is lower than atmospheric pressure. This negative intrapleural pressure helps to keep the lungs inflated and prevents them from collapsing.

Intrapulmonary Pressure

also known as alveolar pressure, refers to the pressure within the air sacs of the lungs called alveoli. This pressure varies during the respiratory cycle, but it is generally equalized with atmospheric pressure during normal breathing.

Atmospheric pressure =

also known as barometric pressure, is the pressure exerted by the earths atmosphere at a given point. It is usually measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg). At sea level, atmospheric pressure is typically around 760 mmHg.

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

located within the lynx and are responsible for fine-tuning the position and tension of the vocal cords

extrinsic muscles of the larynx

attach to the larynx from outside and help to move it

ventilation

breathing (inhalation and exhalation)

Tidal volume

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal, resting breathing (~500 mL)

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration (~3000 mL)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

the maximal amount of air that you can exhale after a normal exhalation (~1100 mL)

Residual Volume

the air left in the lung after max exhalation (~1200 mL)

Minute Volume

The normal amount of air inspired and expired in 1 minute of normal pulmonary ventilation.

Vital Capacity

the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume. It is the max volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a max inspiration. (~4600 mL).

Inspiratory Capacity

the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. It is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. (~3500 mL at rest)

Functional Residual Capcity

is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. It is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. (~2300 mL at rest)

Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FEV)

the amount of air expelled from the lungs in 1 second.

Total Lung Capacity

the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and the residual volume. (~5800 mL)

Compliance

the measure of how easily or readily a structure can be stretched or distended. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure.

Obstructive Lung Disorders

Characterized by an increased resistance to airflow due to narrowing or obstruction of the airways. (ex asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD)

Restrictive Lung Disorders

Characterized by a reduction in lung volume and capacity. (ex pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis)

Renal Corpuscle

consists of the glomerulus (A network of small bld vessels where bld is filtered) and the Bowman’s capsule (a cup-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects filtered fluids)

Proximal Convoluted Tube

aMain function is to reabsorb nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes, that were filtered out of the blood at the glomerulus and return them to the bld.

Loop of Henle

Responsible for creating a concentration gradient in the kidney that allows for the reabsorptions of water and electrolytes.

Distal Convoluted Tube

Main function is to regulate the concentration of K and Na ions in the bld, and is also responsible for the secretion of waste products into the urine.

Collecting Duct

Plays a critical role in regulating the concentration of water and electrolytes in the urine.

Acid

Proton donor; they release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

pH less than 7

Considered strong when have high concentration hydrogen ions

Base

Proton acceptor; accept hydrogen ions when dissolved in water = form hydroxide ions (OH-)

pH greater than 7

Considered strong when have high concentration of OH ions

Respiratory Acidosis

Occurs when there is an excess of CO2 in the blood, which can occur when the lungs are unable to remove enough CO2 from the body.

Respiratory Alkalosis

Occurs when there is a deficiency of CO2 in the blood, which can happen when breathing becomes too rapid or shallow, leading to hyperventilation.

Metabolic Acidosis

Occurs when there is an excess of acid in the blood, which can happen due to a variety of conditions, such as uncontrolled diabetes, kidney disease, or severe diarrhea. The body may produce too much acid or can’t get rid of it properly.

Metabolic Alkalosis

Occurs when there is an excess of base in the blood, which can happen due to conditions such as vomiting, excessive use of antiacids, or kidney disease. The body may lose too much acid or gain too much base.

Compensation in blood gases

The body’s natural attempt to restore the acid-base balance when there is a imbalance in pH, partial-pressure of CO2, or bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels in the blood.

Respiratory Compensation

When there is a primary metabolic disturbance, the body attempts to compensate by adjusting the respiratory rate to regulate the PaCO2 levels.

Metabolic Compensation

When there is a primary respiratory disturbance, the body attempts to compensate by adjusting the HCO3 levels to regulate the blood pH.