electrons and bonding

ionic bonding

electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

solid

ions vibrate about fixed positions in a regular lattice

liquid

ions move around each other, still close but irregular

gas

ions move rapidly and randomly and far apart

PANIC

cathode - positively charged ion

anode - negativley charged ion

covalent bonding

strong electrostatic between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of bonded atoms

dative covalent bond

strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and 2 nuclei where both of the bonding electrons come from the same atom

orbital

region of space in which theres a probability of finding an electron. 2 electrons per orbital

s subshell

1 orbital

maximum of 2 electrons

shape = spherical

subshell squares

multiple

orbital squares

just 1

p subshell

3 orbitals

maximum of 6 electrons

shape = dunbell

d subshell

5 orbitals

maximum of 10 electrons

aufbau principle

gives the order in which orbitals are filled up. it states that each electron occupies the orbital whose energy is the lowest available to it

curious crisis

cu and cr

the second electron in 4s moves to have 5 in 3d because stability is associated with ½ filled orbitals