PSY 200 Exam 3

Bottom-up

Processing influenced by salient stimuli

Top-down

Processing influences by expectations and goals

Attentive processes

Items that require a deliberate search

Preattentive processes

Some items "stick out" due to...

Change blindness

Failure to detect changes in a scene between one moment and another

Inattentional blindness

Failure to detect changes in a scene even when they are perceptible

Attentional blink

A lapse of attention right after you find the target

Congruent trial

The two channels are consistent in the information

Incongruent trial

The two channels are inconsistent

Stroop task

Report the actual color of the item ignoring what the text says

Concept

An understanding of what a thing is, what features it has, and what categories it belongs to and contains

Wason selection task

"If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side."

Heuristics

Rules or methods that generally get things right but aren't systematic

Satisficing

Settling on an option that is "good enough"

Algorithms

Systematic, step-by-step procedure

Maximizing

Search all options to find the one that is best

Two types of reasoning

Type 1 processing-fast and spontaneous, Type 2 processing-slow and deliberate

Representativeness

A type of heuristic, to judge something as being XYZ because it has many of the features of XYZ

Availability

A type of heuristic, your judgement of something is influences by how easy it is to come up with an example

Confirmation bias

Looking only for evidence that supports you claim, ignoring evidence that is inconsistent with it

Sunk cost effect

Remain committed to an unsuccessful strategy just because you've already invested so much to it

Gambler's Fallacy

the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently

Hit rate

Percentage of matches that you correctly identified—is lower at higher difficulties

False alarm rate

Percentage of non-matches you incorrectly identified as matches—is higher at higher difficulty

N-back task

a working memory task; the participant must decide whether the currently presented stimulus is the same as the one presented immediately before or two items before

Simon task

Compared to congruent trials, incongruent trials had longer response times and more errors.

Productivity

Ability to create virtually infinite number of unique sentences through different combinations of words

Phoneme

Unit of sound

Morpheme

Unit of meaning

Deep structure

The meaning underlying the observed sequence of words

Surface structure

Observes sequence of words

Types of transformational grammar

Deep structure and surface structure are...

Noam Chomsky's hypothesis

Humans possess a language acquisition device

Categorical perception

Ability to detect slight acoustic changes that distinguish different phonemes of a language

Motherese

Style of speech characterized by higher pitch, slower tempo, ad stressed intonation

Chimpanzees and bonobos

Non human primates are...

Chimpanzees

No success in learning spooking language, some capacity for gesture communication

Bonobos

Capacity for learning visual symbols, some capacity for making new sentences with symbols

Alex the parrot, chase the dog, bunny the dog

Non-primates are...

Wernicke's aphaisa

Fluent, sentences are incoherent, problem constructing coherent sentences, problems with comprehension

Broca's aphaisa

Non fluent, problems with understanding grammar selecting verbs, prepositions, conjunctions

Word superiority effect

Top-down preference for recognizing words as opposed to meaningless text

Consciousness

General state of arousal (the extent that you are awake and alert) and awareness of some specific stimulus in the enironment

Brain dead

No brain activityc

Coma

Little brain activity, no responsiveness

Vegative state

Little brain activity, little responsiveness, sleep-wake suckle active

Minimally conscious state

Brain activity, brief moments of movement and speech comprehension

Locked-in syndrome

Person is awake but paralyzed

Wakefulness

Alpha is most present during...

Attention to a specific stimulus

Gamma is most present when directing...

Spatial neglect

Lesion of parietal cortex results in...

Spatial neglect

Impairment of one's ability to attend to or represent whatever is to the L/R of something, no perceptual deficit, but a deficit of attention/representation

Circadian rhythm

The suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates the...

Circadian rhythm

A 24 hour cycle with alternations in wakefulness, alertness, body temperature, metabolism, and mood.

REM

Rapid eye movement

Four stages of sleep

Stage 1 (non-REM), Stage 2 (non-REM), Slow-wave (non-REM), and rapid eye movement (REM)

Stage 1

Starts at the onset of sleep, very brief, neuron activity is not synchronized

Stage 2

Occurs after prior stage and periodically throughout the night, sleep spindle

Sleep spindle

Small half-second burst of oscillatory (up and down) activity, implicated in memory formation

Stage 3

Stronger synchrony of neurons than in earlier stages, low body temperature and heart rate, low energy use in the brain, associated with sleep quality, deprivation of this sleep results in rebound in next sleep

Stage 4

Desynchronization of neurons, brain is more active, but skeletal muscles are paralyzed, greater fluctuation of autonomic processes, loss of homeostasis, associated with more salient dreams

Insomnia

Sleep disorder involving inadequate sleep, characterized by hyperarousal of brain and autonomic systems, circadian rhythm delay

Narcolepsy

Hypersomnia, sleep attacks, cataplexy, lack or neurotransmitter orexin

Cataplexy

Sudden muscle weakness while awake, often triggered by emotional event

Parasomnia

Abnormal behavior during sleep, often due to different brain regions occupying different sleep/wake states

Sleep walking

Motor areas awake, decision making and sense making areas are asleep, occurs in slow wave sleep

Sleep paralysis

Pons remaining in sleep state while the rest of the brain is awake

Lucid dreaming

Dreaming while being conscious of the dream, areas of frontal and temporal lobes remain awake

Old psychoanalytic theory

Dreams contain hidden messages often involving repressed fantasies

hypnagogic hallucination

Dream-like experience when going to sleep

Tetris effect

After spending lots of time on a specific activity, you experience hypnagogic hallucinations perceptually similar to the task

Activation synthesis hypothesis

Dreams are the product of activity in sensory regions and random activations of other areas. Problem is not all dreams correspond to stimuli in the environment

Neurocognitive hypothesis

Dreams result from activation of the default mode network in the absence of sensory activity and frontal activity, often involve recent memories

Hypnosis

Heightened state of attention and suggestibility. Requires cooperation with subject

Meditation

Methods of controlling attention and awareness. Associated with enhanced gamma waves in EEG

deja vu

An uncanny, inexplicable feeling of familiarity. Common explanation is product of local seizures in medial temporal lobe, common in people with temporal lobe epilepsy

Physiological response

Changes in heart rate, breathing, skin conductance

Action

Behaviors in response to the emotion-triggering event. Example would be running away from a threat, approaching a friend

Appraisal

Judging a situation. Signs of danger / reward

Kohlberg's approach to moral reasoning

Morality develops in stages. Focus on the reasoning underlying moral judgment not just the act. Morality judgments shift from value-based to intention-based

Problems with Kohlberg's approach

In most cases a judgment is made and then subsequently rationalized, cultural variation

Altruism

Helping others at the expense of oneself

Prisoner's Dilemma

a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial

Bystander apathy

Ignoring a person in need when in the presence of other bystanders.

Pluralistic ignorance

"The other people aren't helping; maybe they know something I don't. I better not help"

diffusion of responsibility

Feeling of responsibility to act is lower in groups than when alone

Social loafing

Contributing less in a group work setting compared to individual work

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Being obstructed from a goal leads to frustration and anger which leads t aggression

Primacy effect

Judgement of a person is strongly influences by first impressions

Stereotype

General belief ascribed to a group of people

Prejudice

Negative attitude toward a group of people

Implicit Association Test

Measures the timing of your reactions to different categories of people and other concepts

solutions to prejudice

Prolonged contact with other group members

Attribution

Interfering the reasons for another person's behavior

internal attribution

Inferring reasons having to do with characteristics of the person

external attribution

Inferring reasons having to do with the situation

Consensus information

information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does. how unusual is the behavior compared to others behaviors?

consistency information

information about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances. How unusual is the behavior compared to their previous behaviors in the same situation?

Distinctiveness

how the person's behavior varies from one situation to another. How unusual is the behavior compared to different situations

fundamental attribution error

The tendency for you to give yourself external attributions and give others internal attributions