cell structures

plasma membrane

controls movements of all molecules in and out of the cell

functions in cell to cell signaling and cell adhesion

mitochondria

surrounded by double membrane, generates ATP by oxidation of glucose and fatty acids

lysosomes

have an acidic lumen, degrade material internalized by the cell and warm out cellular membranes and organelles

nuclear envelope

has a double membrane, encloses the contents of the nucleus

the outer membrane is also continuous with the rough ER

nucleolous

a nuclear sub compartment where most of the cells rRNA is synthesized

nucleus

is filled with chromatin composed of DNA and proteins

site of mRNA and tRNA synthesis

smooth ER

contains the enzymes that synthesize lipids and detoxify certain hydrophobic molecules

(no ribosomes)

rough ER

functions in the synthesis, processing, and sorting of secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins, and certain membrane proteins

golgi complex

processes and sorts secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins and membrane proteins synthesized on the rough ER

secretory vesicles

store secreted proteins and fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents

peroxisomes

contains enzymes that break down fatty acids into smaller molecules used for biosynthesis

also detoxify certain molecules

cytoskeleton fibers

form networks and bundles that support cellular movement, help organize organelles and participate in cell movement

microvilli

increase surface area for absorption of nutrients from surrounding medium

cell wall

is composed largely of cellulose and helps to maintain the cells shape and provides protection against mechanical stress

vacuoles

store water, ions and nutrients, degrades macromolecules and functions in cell elongation during growth

chloroplasts

carry out photosynthesis

are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a network of internal membrane bounded sacs

plasmodesmata

tubelike cell juntions that span the cell wall and connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells