Exam 3: Chapter 7, 8, 13 Psychopathology : disorders

Somactic Symptom disorder and other related disorders

Psychological conditions characterized by excessive focus on physical
symptoms or health AND absence of actual health concerns

Malingering

Faking of sympoms for external gain

not a diagnosis

Factitious Disorder

Fake illness because like the sick role

No external incentives

AKA Munchausen syndrome

Often very knowledgeable about medical conditions

When confronted, doctor shop

Imposed on another

Illness Anxiety Disorder

AKA hypochondriac

Excessive fear of having an illness despite evidence to the contrary

Very anxious about their health

Reassurance from doctors is only temporary fix

Sometimes will even undergo invasive tests to decrease anxiety

May also avoid the doctor

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Focus on the symptoms

Interrupt daily life Spend a great deal of time, money and energy on the symptoms

No actual medical cause for symptoms

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

AKA conversion disorder

Psychological worry or concern is converted into a physical symptom

Usually neurological symptoms

La belle indifference

Often linked with a certain stressor or event

Stress and Cardiovascular Disease

Heart disease and Hypertension

Stress risk factors include job strain, marital conflict, exposure to high traffic noise levels at one’s home

Type A or Type B

Type A is a significant risk factor for heart disease

Anger and hostility the most important factor, even suppressed anger

Dyssomnias

Insomnia

Hypersomnolence

Narcolepsy

Sleep apnea

Obstructive v. Central v. Hypoventilation

CPAP machine

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-wake disorders

Parasomnia

REM sleep behavior disorder

Nightmare disorder

Sleepwalking

Sleep eating

Sleep sex

Sleep terrors

Gender dysphoria

Distress and/or impairment associated with their gender

Sexual dysfunction

Concern with one or more areas in the sexual response cycle

Paraphilic Disorders

Problematic or inappropriate sexual fantasies, urges or behaviors

Sex

Biological male or female

Intersexuality - born with sexual anatomy that fits both male/female

Gender identity

Characterizes the way you think about biological features that inform who you are

Gender expression

Cisgender

Transgender or gender nonconforming (TGNC)

Gender identity is different than gender assigned at birth

Sexual Dysfunctions

People have difficulty in one or more areas of the sexual response cycle Also lead to distress, low self-esteem and relationship problems

1. Desire - want sex

2. Arousal

3. Orgasm

4. Resolution

Sexual response cycle?

Sexual desire disorders

Characterized by decreased sexual desire or a total lack of sexual interest

Sexual arousal disorder

Aversion to sexual contact

Females: impact on sexual excitement or feelings of pleasure

Males: may result in lack of an erection

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Lack of interest in sexual activity or persistent low level of sexual arousal

Inability to attain sexual excitement and lubrication required for sex

Need to occur in 75% of sexual encounters for at least 6 months

Need to cause distress or impairment

Can impact quality of life, self-esteem and moods

Higher rates postmenopausal or had a hysterectomy

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Erectile

Lack of interest in sex but may have typical physical response to sex and will have sex

Controversy with females because their disorders are lumped into one and males have 2 separate disorders

Erectile dysfunction

Unable to develop or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual activity

Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) tests

Orgasm Disorders

May experience a delay or absent organsm following a typical sexual excitement phase

In men - early or delayed ejaculation

Female ______ ______

Persistent delay or absence of orgasm following typical arousal

Ejaculation Disorder

Ejaculation and orgasm are 2 separate things but often happen at the same time

Premature ejaculation

Consistently reach organsm within 2 minutes of sexual activity

Delayed __________

Delay or absence of ejaculation

Needs to occur 75% of time AND cause distress in order to be diagnosed

Disorders of Sexual Pain

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Vulvodynia

Dyspareunia

Vaginismus

Pelvic floor muscles can tighten in fear of this pain happening, making it worse Results in distress and avoidance of sex

Paraphilic Disorder

Paraphilias

Intense sexual urges or fantasies outside societal norms

Diagnosed when causes distress and/or puts a person at risk (themselves or someone else) Need to be present for at least 6 months

Can be illegal

Fetishistic Disorder

Related to a nonliving object or nongenital body part in order to achieve sexual arousal

Transvestic Disorder

Dressing in clothing of another gender along with intense sexual feelings

Autogynephilia

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Exposing genitals to an unsuspecting person

Often in a public place - thrill of being caught

Frotteuristic Disorder

Touch or rub against someone unsuspecting or nonconsenting

Often occurs in a crowded place - victims often do not realize what occurred

Pedophilic Disorder

Sexual attraction to children

Sexual masochism disorder

Act of being humiliated, beaten, bound or made to suffer

May have fantasies about having sex against their will but this causes distress

Sexual sadism disorder

Aroused by the suffering of others and may inflict pain on them

BDSM

Schizophrenia

Psychotic symptoms

Active vs. residual phase

Need to be in an active phase for 1 month to be diagnosed with symptoms for at least 6 months

Can have a significant financial cost

Many on disability - homeless - or in jail

At an increased risk for other health impairments Prevalence

Delusional Disorder

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Schizophreniform

Schizoaffective Disorder

Other Psychotic Disorders?

Positive = occur in ADDITION to typical behavior

Delusions

Beliefs

Hallucinations

Sensory perceptions

Disorganized thoughts, speech and behavior

Positive Symptoms of Psychosis- Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders?

Deficits in expected behaviors

Flat or restricted affect

Avolition

Alogia

Anhedonia

Some psychotic symptoms may be related to culture

Negative Symptoms of Psychosis- Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders?

Avolition

• A lack of motivation or drive to start or continue goal-oriented activities 

• A feeling of apathy or loss of interest in usual activities 

Alogia

• A reduction in the amount of speech or words used 

• A narrowing of speech range and poverty of speech content 

• A brain-related symptom that can be caused by damage or disruptions in brain activity 

Anhedonia

• An inability to experience pleasure from activities or relationships 

• A loss of interest or pleasure in current or future activities 

Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

Disconnect from your senses and reality

Psychosis

Person lost some contact with reality

Psychotic symptoms versus psychotic disorder

Overview for what two disorders?

Sleep

Minimal consciousness and reduced motor/sensory activity

Brain is still very active during sleep

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Melatonin = hormone to make you feel tired

This is why blue light on electronics keeps you awake at night!

Health Impact of Poor Sleep

Sleep debt

Need between 7-9 hours of sleep per night

Sleep rebound

Increase in problems like:

Depression-like symptoms

Irritability

Cognitive functioning -> memory, learning, decision making, reaction time

Obesity, high blood pressure, cancer, liver disease, increase in cortisol