Bio Topic 6

the average weather over a period of time

climate

significant change in the measures of climate, such as temperature, rainfall, or wing, lasting for an extended period-decades or longer

climate change

what 2 factors cause climate change?

naturual processes & human activities

3 factors of natural processes that cause climate change

1. change in sun’s intensity

2. volcanic eruptions (changes in earth’s orbit)

3. ocean current circulation changes

3 factors of human activities that cause climate change

1. CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels

2. methane/nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture

3. emissions from land use changes (deforestation, reforestation, urbanization, desertification)

radiation from planet’s atmosphere warms planet’s surface to a temp above what it would be without atmosphere

greenhouse effect

5 steps of the greenhouse effect and its effect

1. solar radiation powers climate system

2. some solar radiation reflected by earth/atmosphere

3. half of solar radiation is absorbed by earth’s surface and warms it

4. infrared radiation emitted from earth’s surface

5. some of infrared radiation passes through atmosphere but most is absorbed/re-emitted by greenhouse gas/clouds *effect is to warm earth’s surface/lower atmosphere

gases in the atmosphere that are transparent to solar radiation but absorb or reflect heat

greenhouse gases

5 known greenhouse gases

1. carbon dioxide

2. methane

3. nitrous oxide

4. water vapor

5. fluorinated gases

which is the most abundant greenhouse gas?

carbon dioxide

what does the rise in greenhouse gases increase the amount of ?

energy being trapped in climate system

global ecosystem

biosphere

combined living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors of a specific area

ecosystem

7 abiotic components

1. temperature

2. water

3. inorganic nutrients

4. other aquatic factors

5. other terrestrial factors

6. carbon

7. energy

3 effects of temperature

1. affects metabolism

2. difficult to maintain active metabolism close to 32 degrees (freezing)

3. temps above 113 degrees destroy enzymes for metabolism

nitrogen/phosphorus necessary for plants & algae (source of food in ecosystem)

inorganic nutrients

what is the other aquatic factor of abiotic components

dissolved oxygen

what are the 3 other terrestrial factors of abiotic components?

1. wind

2. storms

3. fire

basis of life

carbon

what does the dingy in the chemical bonds of sugars converted to cellular energy by process of respiration make ?

ATP

what kind of flow does energy have in an ecosystem?

flows in one direction (in through sunlight, out as heat)

what does light energy from the sun convert O2 and H2 into?

sugar and oxygen

chemical inputs and outputs of cellular respiration

inputs: sugar and oxygen

outputs: CO2 and H2O

5 steps of the water cycle

1. evaporation /transpiration

2. precipitation

3. net movement of water vapor

4. surface water/ground water

5. flow of water from land to sea

cycling of mineral nutrients within an ecosystem

biochemical cycles

2 factors of biogeochemical cycle

1. abiotic reservoir

2. living organisms

what are the 3 human impacts on the water cycle?

1. deforestation reduces transpiration (water in air)

2. pumping ground water increases evaporation/depletes water stored

3. precipitation changes (more flooding/droughts)

what are the 2 human impacts on temperature/CO2?

1. ocean edification/increase in water temp decreases coral

2. deforestation

what is a human impact on nutrients?

sewage/fertilizer runoff increase nutrients & overproduce algae; when algae dies, no oxygen in water

ultimate source of most energy used by life

sunlight

specialized organelle which absorb light energy and transforms it to chemical energy

chloroplast

quantity of energy of light absorbed by chlorophyll; increases energy state of electron

photon

where does photosynthesis occur?

algae & photosynthetic bacteria

where do the 2 stages of photosynthesis occur?

chloroplasts

incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide to form sugar

carbon fixation

light reactions process in photosynthesis

1. light absorbed by chlorophyll boosts electron energy which are passed to electron acceptor

2. excited electrons passed to second photosystem through electron transport chain; produces ATP

3. light absorbed to boost electrons to another electron acceptor; electron energy transferred to NADP to make NADPH

process of electron flow/production of ATP/NADH in photosynthesis

1. water split to provide electrons; oxygen is by-product

2. electron transport chain pumps hydrogen protons to thylakoid

3. electrons from water used to form NADPH

4. ATP synthase uses electro-chemical potential of protons to produce ATP

steps of Calvin cycle in photosynthesis

1. CO2 added to 5-carbon sugar; product = 2 3-carbon molecules
2. energy from ATP and NADPH converts 3-carbon molecule to 3-carbon sugars
3. every 3 CO2 that enter the cycle produces one 3-carbon sugar; remaining 3-carbon sugars continue in cycle
4. ATP reorganizes 3-carbon sugars into 5-carbon sugar to begin cycle again

rate of conversion of solar energy to chemical energy in an ecosystem

primary production

flow of energy through an ecosystem is followed by the feeding relationships of its organisms

trophic structure

sequence of food transfer

food chain

source of all food for animals

plants

carnivores that eat herbivores

secondary consumers

all levels above herbivores

carnivores

what do all organisms produce?

dead material/detritus (wastes, litter, dead bodies)

what breaks down and decomposes detritus?

fungi/bacteria

what percent of energy flows through each level of the food chain?

10% (90% lost as heat )

4 ways to reduce/manage carbon footprint

1. home energy

2. transportation

3. products/services (stuff you buy)

4. food

reducing carbon footprint: home energy

• thermostat

• replace incandescent lightbulbs

• energy efficient appliances

• seal openings

• replaces windows

reducing carbon footprint: transportation

• vehicle maintenance

• alternate transportation

• reduce unnecessary travel

• electric vehicles

reducing carbon footprint: products/services

• purchase with minimum packaging

• buy local

• combine purchases

reducing carbon footprint: food

• reduce red meat/increase plant diet

• reduce processed foods

organisms that make all their organic matter

autotrophs

organisms such as plants and other autotrophs

producers

accumulation of chemicals in ecosystem outside of organisms

abiotic reservoir

tapping heat in atmosphere by greenhouse gases

greenhouse effect

flows through an ecosystem, entering as sunlight and leaving as heat

energy

organisms that must eat organic matter to get nutrients and provide energy for their life processes

heterotrophs

amount of greenhouse gases emitted by an individual

carbon footprint

energy of sunlight converted to chemical energy of sugars and other organic molecules

photosynthesis

recycled through ecosystem

chemicals

transparent to solar radiation but reflect or absorb heat

greenhouse gases

total mass of living organic material in an ecosystem

biomass

by-product of photosynthesis

oxygen

which greenhouse has does not occur naturally ?

fluorocarbons

7 abiotic factors in a biosphere

1. water

2. wind

3. fire

4. dissolved oxygen

5. sunlight

6. nitrogen/phosphorus

7. oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide

light absorbing organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

chloroplast

light absorbing pigment in chloroplast

chlorophyll

synthesizes sugars from ATP and NADH

Calvin cycle

convert light energy into ATP and NADPH

light reactions

pore in leaf that allows carbon dioxide to enter

stomata

membranes containing chlorophyll

thylakoids

source of electrons in light reaction

water