INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY - CHAPTER 1-3

CULTURE

CONSISTS OF VALUES A GIVEN GROUP HOLDS, NORMS THEY FOLLOW, LANGUAGES THEY SPEAK, SYMBOLS THEY RESPECT AND MATERIAL GOODS THEY CREATE

VALUES

IDEAS HELD BY INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS ABOUT WHAT IS DESIRABLE, PROPER, GOOD, AND BAD

NORMS

RULES OF CONDUCT THAT SPECIFY APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR IN A GIVEN RANGE OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS.

LANGUAGE

THE PRIMARY VEHICLE OF MEANING AND COMMUNICATION IN A SOCIETY, LANGUAGE IS A SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS THAT REPRESENT OBJECTS AND ABSTRACT THOUGHTS

MATERIAL GOODS

OBJECTS AND GOODS A SOCIETY CREATES THAT INFLUENCE THE WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE LIVE

SOCIETY

A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN A PARTICULAR TERRITORY, ARE SUBJECT TO COMMON SYSTEM OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY, AND ARE AWARE OF HAVING A DISTINCT IDENTITY FROM OTHER GROUPS

CULTURAL CONFORMITY

MAINTAINING A DEGREE OF SIMILARITY

SUBCULTURES

VALUES AND NORMS DISTINCT FROM THOSE OF THE MAJORITY, HELD BY A GROUP WITHIN A WIDER SOCIETY

ASSIMILATION

PROCESS VIA WHICH DIFFERENT CULTURE ARE ABSORBED INTO A SINGLE, MAINSTREAM CULTURE

CULTURAL SHOCK

ANXIETY AND FEELING OF SURPRISE, DISORIENTATION OR CONFUSION THAT PEOPLE EXPERIENCE WHEN THEY HAVE TO OPERATE WITHIN PARTIALLY OR ENTIRELY DIFFERENT CULTURE

ETHNOCENTRISM

THE TENDENCY TO LOOK AT OTHER CULTURES THROUGH THE EYES OF ONES OWN CULTUE, AND THEREBY MISREPRESENT THEM

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

THE PRACTICE OF JUDGING A SOCIETY BY ITS OWN STANDARDS TO UNDERSTAND THEM BETTER

CULTURAL UNIVERSALS

COMMON FEATURE ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR, FOUND IN ALMOST ALL SOCIETIES. (FAMILY SYSTEM, DANCING, ART)

HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES

SOCIETIES WHOSE MODE OF SUBSISTENCE IS GAINED FROM HUNTING ANIMALS, FISHING, AND GATHERING EDIBLE PLANTS ( OLDEST SOCIETY BUT CLOSE TO DISAPPEARING)

PASTORAL SOCIETIES

SOCIETIES WHOS SUBSISTENCE DERIVES FROM THE REARING OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

AGRARIAN SOCIETIES

SOCIETIES WHOS E MEANES OF SUBSISTENCE ARE BASED ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES

THIRD OLDEST TYPE, RULED BY KINGS AND QUEENS.

INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES

STRONGLY DEVELOPED NATON-STATES IN WHICH THE MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION WORKS IN FACTORIES OR OFFICES RATHER THATN IN AGRICULTURE, AND MOST OF THE PEOPLE LIVE IN URBAN AREAS

COLONIALISM

THE PROCESS WHEREBY WESTERN NATIONS ESTABLISHED THEIR RULE IN PARTS OF THE WORLD AWAY FROM THEIR HOME TERRITORIES

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

1 DEFINE THE TOPIC

2 REVIEW THE LITERATURE

3 MAKE THE PROBLEM PRECISE

4 WORK OUT A DESIGN

5 CARRY OUT THE RESEARCH

6 INTERPRET YOUR RESULTS

7 REPORT THE RESEARCH FINDINGS

8 REPEAT

INDEPENDENDENT

THE VARIABLE THAT PRODUCES AN EFFECT ON THE OTHER VARIABLE, MANIPULATED.

DEPENDENT

VARIABLE THAT IA AFFECTED, STUDYING CHANGE IN.

CAUSATION

CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH ONE VARIABLE DIRECTLY AFECTS THE OTHER

CORRELATION

RELATIONSHIP WHICH WE ARE NOT SURE WHICH VARIABLE AFFECTS THE OTHER.

RESEARCH METHODS

THE DIVERSE METHODS OF INVESTIGATION USED TO GATHER EMPIRICAL MATERIAL.

ETHNOGRAPHY

THE FIRSTHAND STUDY OF PEOPLE USING PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION OR INTERVIEWING

SURVEY

A METHOD OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN WHICH QUESTIONNAIRES ARE ADMINISTERED THE POPULATION BEING STUDIED

EXPERIMENT

TESTING HYPOTHESIS UNDER HIGHLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS TO ESTABLISH CAUSE AND EFFECT.

TRIANGULATION

METHOD ON COMBINING SEVERAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN SINGLE RESEARCH TO SUPPLEMENT AND CHECK ON OTHERS.

HUMAN SUBJECTS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS

-AGUIRE INFORMED CONSENT

-MINIMIZE INVASION OF PRIVACY

-MINIMIZE RISKS TO PARTICIPANTS

-ENSURE CONFIDENTIALITY

-AVOID DECEPTION

SOCIOLOGY

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF SOCIETY THAT EMPHASIZES THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

SOCIALIOGICAL IMAGINATION

THE VIVID AWARENESS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL EXPERIENCE AND THE WIDER SOCIETY

WHEN DOES SOCIOLOGY EMERGE?

-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

-THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

-SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

-TRAVEL AND DISCOVERY OF THE NEW WORLD

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION

AN IDEA OR PRACTICE THAT A GROUP OF PEOPLE AGREE EXISTS. IT CAN BE MAINTAINED OVER TIME BY PEOPLE TAKING ITS EXISTENCE FOR GRANTED.

SOCIALIZATION

THE SOCIAL PROCESSES THROUGH WHICH CHILDREN DEVELOP AN AWARENESS OF SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES AND ACHIEVE A DISTINCT SENSE OF SELF.

AGENCY AND STRUCTURE

CONCEPTS THAT SUGGEST TO WHAT EXTENT AN INDIVIDUAL'S LIFE IS DETERMINED BY SOCIAL FORCES

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

REGULARITIES AND PATTERNS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

AUGUSTE COMTE

FRENCH PHILOSOPHER, FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY. BELIEVED THAT SOCIOLOGY SHOULD BE LOOKED AT LIKE A SCIENCE AND BELIEVED THAT SOCIETY AND SOCIAL ORDER ARE CONSTRUCTED BY INDIVIDUALS.

KARL MARX

COMMUNIST, SOUGHT TO EXPLAIN SOCIAL CHANGES THAT WERE RISING FROM THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (CONFLICT AND ECONOMY)

MAX WEBER

REJECTED MARX'S VIEWS,VALUES AND IDEAS DRIVE SOCIAL CHANGE, BUREAUCRACY AND RATIONALIZATION

BUREAUCRACY

A TYPE OF ORGANIZATION MARKED BY A CLEAR HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY AND THE EXISTENCE OF WRITTEN RULES OF PROCEDURE AND STAFFED BY FULL TIME, SALARIED OFFICIALS

RATIONALIZATION

A CONCEPT USED BY MAX WEBER TO REFER TO THE PROCESS BY WHICH MODES OF PRECISE CALCULATIONS AND ORGANIZATION, INVOLVING ABSTRACT RULES AND PROCEDURES, INCREASINGLY COME TO DOMINATE THE SOCIAL WORLD

EMILE DURKHEIM

USED SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND METHODS TO STUDY SOCIAL FACTS. MECHANICAL AND ORGANIC SOLIDARITY.

SOCIAL FACTS

ACCORDING TO EMILE DURKHEIM, THE ASPECTS OF SOCIAL LIFE THAT SHAPE OUR ACTONS AS INDIVIDUALS.

ORGANIC SOLIDARITY

ACCORDING TO DURKHEIM, THE SOCIAL COHESION THAT RESULTS FROM THE VARIOUS PARTS OF A SOCIETY FUNCTIONING AS AN INTERGRATED WHOLE.

DIVISION OF LABOR

THE SPECIALIZATION OF WORK TASKS BY MEANS OF WHICH DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS ARE COMBINED WITHIN A PRODUCTION SYSTEM. ALL SOCIETIES HAVE AT LEAST SOME RUDIMENTARY FORM OF DIVISION OF LABOR, ESPECIALLY BETWEEN THE TASKS ALLOCATED TO MEN AND THOSE PERFORMED BY WOMEN.

HARRIET MARTINEAU

CITED AS THE FIRST FEMALE SOCIOLOGIST. FOCUSED ON THE LIVES OF WOMEN.

W. E. B. DU BOIS

FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN TO GRADUATE FROM HARVARD. CRITICAL ON MARX FOR HAVING IGNORED THE IMPORTANCE OF RACE .

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

A THEORETICAL APPROACH IN SOCIOLOGY DEVELOPED BY GEORGE HERBERT MEAD THAT EMPHASIZES THE ROLE OF SYMBOLS AND LANGUAGE AS CORE ELEMENTS OF ALL HUMAN INTERACTION

SYMBOL

ONE ITEM USED TO STAND FOR OR REPRESENT ANOTHER AS IN THE CASE OF A FLAG, WHICH SYMBOLIZES A NATION

FUNTIONALISM

SOCIETY IS MADE UP OF PARTS THAT CARRY OUT FUNCTIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE WHOLE.

MARXISM

CONFLICT IS NORMA FEATURE OF SOCIETY. USE POWER TO PROMOTE INTEREST

POWER

ABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS MAKE THEIR INTERESTS COUNT EVEN IF RESISTANCE OCCURS.

IDEOLOGIES

SHARED IDEAS OR BELIEFS THAT SERVE TO JUSTIFY THE INTEREST OF DOMINANT GROUPS.

FEMINIST THEORY

A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE THAT EMPHASIZES THE CENTRALITY OF GENDER IN ANALYZING THE SOCIAL WORLD AND PARTICULARLY THE UNIQUENESS OF THE EXPERIENCE OF WOMEN

POSTMODERNISM

THE BELIEF THAT SOCIETY IS NO LONGER GOVERNED BY HISTORY OR PROGRESS. NO GRAND NARRATIVE.

MICROSOCIOLOGY

THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE CONTEXT OF FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTION ( SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONS)

MACROSOCIOLOGY

THE SUTDY OF LARGE-SCALE GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS, OR SOCIAL SYSTEMS. ( FUNCTIONALISM AND MARXISM)