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Retroviruses insert their genomes into those of their hosts. Which statement best describes a scenario that relates to this characteristic?
a. Some DNA viruses may have evolved from reduced cellular organisms.
b. Retroviruses are only known to infect vertebrates.
c. DNA from proviruses can provide a record of ancient viral infections that plagued human ancestors.
d. Some retrovirus sequences code for bacteria.
e. Some retrovirus sequences code for bacteriophages.

C

Which action taken by a cell would best allow it to increase its rate of exchange with the environment relative to its amount of chemical activity?
a. Increase its size.
b. Engulf another cell.
c. Divide into as many small cells as possible.
d. Adhere itself to another cell.
e. Move around quickly in its environment.

C

Which scientific field is providing us with knowledge that will help in the control of possible future tuberculosis epidemics?
A. Fungal bioinformatics
B. Agricultural biology
C. Plant genomics
D. Marine ecology
E. Molecular biology

E

Scientific explanations for a natural phenomenon
A. can be tested only in the laboratory.
B. are always based on an ethical point of view.
C. are based on reproducible and quantifiable observations.
D. are based on untested hypotheses.
E. cannot be rejected.

C

Suppose that mice and humans differ by 20 substitutions in their globin genes, and rats and mice differ by 5 substitutions. On the basis of other evidence, we know that the ancestor to humans and mice lived 80 million years ago. Assuming the molecular clock is operating, rats and mice split from each other _______ million years ago.
A. 5
B. 10
C. 20
D. 40
E. 80

C

Females from some species of birds prefer computer-generated songs that are more complex than what they would hear in nature. Such observations
a. challenge the principle of parsimony.
b. support the principle of parsimony.
c. challenge the molecular clock hypothesis.
d. support the sensory exploitation hypothesis.
e. challenge the sensory exploitation hypothesis.

D

Living colonies of Clostridium botulinum produce a deadly toxin, which is lethal at about one-millionth of a gram. Smaller doses of this toxin, marketed as Botox, are used to treat muscle spasms and for temporary wrinkle reduction in the skin. Which group of terms is most applicable to this species?
a.High invasiveness, high toxigenicity, endotoxin
b.Low invasiveness, high toxigenicity, endotoxin
c. High invasiveness, low toxigenicity, exotoxin
d. Low invasiveness, low toxigenicity, exotoxin
e. Low invasiveness, high toxigenicity, exotoxin

E

A small dye molecule injected into a plant cell can pass into adjacent plant cells because of the presence of
a. plasmodesmata.
b. a cell wall.
c. the endoplasmic reticulum.
d. nuclear pores.
e. Vacuoles.

A

Which statement about nitrogen metabolism is false?
a. Certain prokaryotes reduce atmospheric N2 to ammonia.
b. Some nitrifiers are soil bacteria.
c. Denitrifiers are obligate anaerobes.
d. Nitrifiers obtain energy by oxidizing ammonia and nitrite.
e. Without denitrifiers, terrestrial organisms would lack a nitrogen supply.

C

Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that a eukaryotic cell has ______.
a. Genes
b. Proteins
c. Membranes
d. a membrane-bound nucleus
e. Nucleic acids

D

Which of the following can cause rats to lose their fear of cats?
a. Giardia, one of the excavates
b. Toxoplasma, an apicomplexan
c. Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid
d. Amoebas of the heterolobosean genus Naegleria
e. Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium

B

Which application of phylogenetic trees is the most difficult (if not impossible) without assuming a molecular clock?
a. Determining whether one node occurred before another
b. Allowing us to compare and contrast living organisms
c. Revealing convergent evolution
d. Assisting in reconstructing ancestral states
e. Provide an estimate of the absolute date when two lineages split.

E

Which statement about lysosomes is true?
a. They are the sites where autophagy occurs.
b. They provide a site for the storage of starch in plant cells.
c. They may contain anthocyanins that aid in pollination.
d. They are found only in plants.
e. They may have arisen through endosymbiosis.

A

_____ are more closely related to _______ than they are to _______
A. Bacteria; prokaryotic archaea; eukaryotes
B. Bacteria; eukaryotes; prokaryotic archaea
C. Prokaryotic archaea; bacteria; eukaryotes
D. Eukaryotes; prokaryotic archaea; bacteria
E. Eukaryotes; bacteria; prokaryotic

D

Some species of drosophila have elaborate picture wings whereas most others do not. Which type of evidence would most likely suggest that the elaborate picture wings evolved via convergent evolution?

Picture wings are found in different clades of flies.

Which process is not part of conjugation in Paramecium?
A. Meiosis
B. Mitosis
C. Cytokinesis
D. Fusion of haploid nuclei
E. Breakdown of some micronuclei

C

You are watching a paramecium in freshwater and see a rounded structure within it enlarge and then suddenly contract as water is expelled. You have just witnessed
A. food vacuole releasing excess water acquired through eating.
B. oral groove expelling water as food is ingested.
C. result of ciliary action involved in locomotion.
D. contractile vacuole keeping the organism's cytoplasm hypertonic to the environment.
E. expulsion of waste produced during digestion.

D

According to the principle of parsimony the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the
a. Fewest homologies
B. Most homoplasies
C. fewest homoplasies
D. Most clades
E. Fewest clades

C

All photosynthetic prokaryotes
A. use chlorophyll a as their photosynthetic pigment.
b. use bacteriochlorophyll as their photosynthetic pigment.
c. release oxygen gas.
d. produce particles of sulfur.
E. are photoautotrophs

E

Which of the following is a property of prokaryotes but not eukaryotes?
A single circular chromosome and plasmids
B. Possession of cell membranes
c. DNA as the genetic material used to code for proteins
d. Possession of ribosomes
e. Membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic organelles

A

The overall shape of an animal cell is determined by its
A. Cell membrane
B. Cytoskeleton.
C. Nucleus
D. Cytosol
E. endoplasmic reticulum

B

You are given an unknown organism to classify. The presence of which cell structure would eliminate the possibility that the organism is an animal?
a. Nucleus
b. Nucleolus
c. Mitochondrion
d. Leucoplast
e. Golgi apparatus

D

Mitochondria and plastids are believed to have once been independent organisms because they
A. contain their own DNA.
B. Have flagella
c. Have glyoxysomes
d. Make vesicles
E. Have nuclei

A

Scientists estimate that more than ____ years after cells originated, all organisms consisted of one cell.
2,500
250,000
2 million
2 billion
2 trillion

D

New vaccines to protect against the influenza virus are developed every year because of the
A. high rate of infection.
b. high rate of evolution.
c. long generation time.
d. low mutation rate.
e. short life span.

B

Which term refers to a eukaryotic organism that undergoes alternation of generations in which different generations do not resemble each other morphologically?
A. Homomorphic
b. Heteromorphic
c. Isomorphic
d. Anisomorphic
e. Gametophytic

B

A drug that blocks formation of axial filaments would
A. prevent cell formation.
b. prevent locomotion in spirochetes.
c. block signaling of biofilms.
d. prevent photosynthesis in archaea.
e. prevent cell wall formation in spirochetes.

B

A ______ produces a new multicellular through mitotic division.
Bud
Gamete
Zygote
clone
Spore.

E

Fossil prokaryotes resemble modern rod shaped bacteria. What appears to be a first step in the evolution of the modern eukaryote cell from a prokaryote ancestor?
A. Formation of a nuclear envelope
b. Endosymbiosis resulting in acquisition of a mitochondrion
c. Loss of the stiff cell wall of bacteria
d. Development of organelles studded with ribosomes
e. Endosymbiosis resulting in acquisition of a chloroplast

C

An organism made up of many small cells as opposed to one large cell that has all the following properties except:
A. increased uptake of necessary nutrients from the environment.
B. compartmentalization of functions within the organism.
C. increased release of waste products to the environment.
D. decreased diffusion between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
e. more efficient transport of materials.

D

Which statement about the evolution of the mitochondrion is correct?
a. It originated as a prokaryote that detoxified oxygen.
b. It originated as a prokaryote that could photosynthesize.
c. It was acquired through endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium by a eukaryote.
d. Its origins can be traced back to an archaean ancestor.
e. It is the result of a secondary endosymbiotic event.

A

Most diseases caused by viruses are caused by ______. These diseases include polio, hepatitis C, and the common cold. In plants, these viruses kill patches of celis in the leaves or stems of plants, leaving live cells amid a patchwork of discolored dead tissue, giving them the name "mosaic" or "mottle" viruses.
a. DNA viruses
b. negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
c. double-stranded RNA viruses
d. positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
e. RNA retroviruses

D

How many nodes are in a phylogenetic tree with five species?
One
Two
Three
Four
Five

D

NASA's takes a sample from one of Jupiter's moon methane lakes. Pictures taken under a microscope reveal a cell-like structure remarkably similar to that of a simple prokaryotic organism. NASA calls it a "Xenop." Based on the textbook's discussion of the common aspects of living organisms on Earth, which of the following pieces of information about it is paired with its logical conclusion?
a. is the same size and shape as some prokaryotes and, therefore, is or was a living organism.
b. contains different nucleic acids and amino acids from organisms on Earth and, therefore, is not and never was a living organism.
C. can go many years without extracting energy from its environment and. therefore, is not and never was a living organism.
d. does not contain genetic information or reproduce and, therefore, is not and never was a living organism.
E. contains complex molecules and, therefore, is/was a living organism.

D

Muscle cells need large amounts of calcium and ATP for contraction. Based on these requirements, you would expect that muscle cells would have an increased number of what type of organelles (per unit volume)?
A. Chloroplasts and rough endoplasmic reticulum
b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles
c. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
d. Peroxisomes and Golgi apparatus
e. Mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

E

The _____ is an organelle that functions in energy transformations and consists of a series of flattened sacs stacked somewhat like pancakes or pita bread.
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Chloroplast
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus

C

Which statement about microfilaments and microtubules is false?
Both are made of the same protein monomers.
They have a plus and minus end
They contribute to cell structure
They contribute to cell movement

A

Suppose that you are working in a research lab investigating the nature of multicellularity. Which evidence can you gather from 2 different types of cells obtained from an adult multicellular animal to show that they are specialized?
Presence of cell machinery needed to synthesize proteins
b. Ability to take in nutrients
c. Differences in genes being expressed
d. Changes in the total amount of energy produced
e. Responses of cells to waste buildup

C

Sciurus is the type genus of the squirrel family, which has the scientific name
a. Sciuraceae.
b. Sciurus aceae.
c. Sciurus idae.
d. Sciurus.
e. Sciuridae.

E

Which pairing of a type of protist with its effects and functions is incorrect?
a. Radiolarians: color results from pigments in photosynthetic endosymbionts
b. Diatoms: produce red tides
c. Dinoflagellates: insufficient sunlight causes coral bleaching
d. Foraminiferans: fossils are components of limestone
e. Diatoms: fossil remains contribute to petrochemical resources

B

Which statement about the micronucleus and macronucleus of a Paramecium is false?
a. The macronucleus is involved in genetic recombination.
b. The micronucleus is a typical eukaryotic nucleus.
c. Multiple copies of macronuclear genes are commonly found,
d. Transcription and translation involve genes found mostly in the macronucleus.
e. The micronucleus and macronucleus are unique to ciliates.

A

Unrelated lineages of rodents that moved to islands have increased in size relative to close relatives that are on the mainland. This increase in size is an example of which is a type of
a. evolutionary reversal; homoplasy
b. evolutionary reversal; synapomorphy
c. convergent evolution; homoplasy
d. convergent evolution; synapomorphy
e. convergent evolution; evolutionary reversal

C

Which is a reason to use statistics to evaluate data?
It provides a way for proving that your hypothesis is correct.
b. It facilitates the exclusion of data that do not fit your hypothesis.
It makes it possible to avoid having to consider the null hypothesis.
d. It enables you to predict experimental results.
e. It accounts for variation in scientific measurements.

E