Chemistry FINAL

AXl

linear

AX3

trigonal planar

AX2E

bent

AX4

tetrahedral

AX3E

trigonal pyramidal

AX2E2

bent

AX5

trigonal byprimidal

AX4E

seesaw

AX3E2

t-shaped

AX2E3

linear

AX6

octahedral

AX5E

square based pyramid

AX4E2

square planar

linear

trigonal planar

bent

tetrahedral

trigonal pyramidal

trigonal byprimidal

\

seesaw

\

t-shaped

\

octahedral

\

square based pyramid

\

square planar

what is chemistry

Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, how matter interacts with another, and energy changes that result when matter in transformed

what is matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

what is composition

the makeup of matter what kinds of and the number of particle in a substance

what is structure

how particles are bonded together in a substance

what are properties

characteristics of matter used to identify the substance

what is responsible for the properties of a substance

composition and structure

what are the different types of properties

physical
chemical
qualitative
quantitative
extensive
intensive

what is a physical property

characteristics of a substance that pertain to its appearance or physical state; measurable characteristics

what is a chemical property

characteristics that allow the substance to change to something new or alter the internal makeup of the substance

what is a qualitative property

what can be identified by the 5 senses; identifiable qualitites

what is a quantitative property

amounts or how much it is in the substance and requires tools for measuring; measurable quantities

what is an intensive property

independent of the amount of substance at hand; only depends on the type of matter

example of intensive property

density, boiling point

what is extensive property

dependent on amount of substance at hand

example of extensive property

volume, mass

what are transformations

changes in matter will alwayss involve changes in energy

what are the 3 types of transformations

physical
chemical
nuclear

what is a physical change

only the state or the appearance of the substance changes. the type of matter of atoms is still the same as before

what is a chemical change

involves change to the makeup of the substance. the same atoms are arranged differently in the final substance. also called a chemical reaction

what is a nuclear change

produces entirely different atoms

what is energy

whatever it takes to generate heat, produce electricity, or move an object

what is enthalpy

a quantity of heat (energy) that has to do with a system that absorbs or releases energy during a chemical change
(delta H)

what is an exothermic reaction

energy in the form of heat or light is released to the surroundings after a reaction occurs; heat is a product

what is the equation of an exothermic reaction

nrgprod - nrg reac = -delta H

what is an endothermic reaction

energy from surroundings and system is absorbed during the reaction; heat is a reactant

what is the equation of an endothermic reaction

product - reactant = +delta H

what are significant figures

digits in a numeral that are known to be exact, plus a digit that is doubtful in the measurement

what are measurements always recorded to

a certain degree of certainty (sig figs) and always have a value and a unit

what is a hypothesis?

a tentative or unconfirmed explanation of certain facts that provides as a basis for further experimentation; an educated guess

what is a theory?

an explanation of general principles of certain phenomena backed with considerable evidence as support

what is a scientific law

simple states of natural phenomena to which no exceptions are known under the given conditions

what has a definite shape and volume

solid

what has definite volume but no shape

liquid

what has an indefinite shape and slight compressibility

gas

what is a phase

homogeneous part of a system separated from other parts by physical boundaries

what is a system

refers to two substances that have come together in a container and allowed heat to flow from the hotter substance to the cooler substance

what is another name for homogenous mixture

solution

When a stopper is removed from a partially filled bottle containing solid and liquid acetic acid at 16.7 C, a strong vinegar odor is noticeable immediately. How many acetic phases must be present in the bottle? Explain. Is this system homogenous or heterogenous?

3 phases; solid and liquid acidic acid (liquid) + vinegar odor (gas)

heterogenous system because there are 3 phases present

what is the difference between homogenous and heterogenous mixture

homogenous: one phase
heterogenous more than one phase

full metric scale

P T G M k h da BASE d c m u n p f

what is volume

the amount of space occupied by matter or the amount of matter that a container can hold

addition or subtracting sig figs

same number of decimal places

multiplying or dividing sig figs

round to least number of sig figs

volume of a box

LWH

volume of a cylinder

πr²h

volume of a sphere

4/3πr³

what are capacity units

volume in terms of how much a container can hold

how much L is in a gallon?

1 gallon \= 3.785 L

how much L is in a quart?

1 quart \= 0.946 L

how much quarts in a gallon?

1 gallon \= 4 quarts

how much cm are in an inch

1 inch \= 2.54 cm

how much mL are in a fl. oz?

2.96 mL

how much cm^3 are in a mL?

1 cm^3 \= 1 mL

how much 1m^3 in cm?

1m^3 \= 100 cm^3

how much inches are in a ft?

12 inch \= 1 ft

how much cm is in a m?

1 m \= 100 cm

what are derived units

when a measurement is the result of a certain relationship between variables

what is the relationship in density

mass and volume of a substance

what is the relationship in specific heat

mass, delta T, and the amount of energy involved

what is a mol

a special unit in chemistry used to clump together a particular number of particles

when we say particles we mean

an atom of Na
molecule of H2O
ion of Na+ or SO4^-2
a formula unit of NaCl
a phonton of light from electrons

what is molar mass

the total mass of all atoms in a compound in grams per mol (g/mol)

what is density

the mass of a substance per unit volume

what properties does density have

intensive property because the amount of substance does not affect its value
physical property because it can be studied without changing the identity of the substance

what is accuracy

how close you get to a target value

what is precision

how close your trial results are to each other

what is percentage error

experimental - theoretical/theoretical x 100

what is random error

erratic errors that may come from many sources like human error and calculation error, mainly affecting precision

what is systematic error

often comes from errors due to equipment limitations that affect the accuracy of measurements are reptitious

how to convert celsiuis to fahrenheit

F = C x 1.8 + 32

how to convert fahrenheit to celsius

C = (F - 32)/1.8

how to convert celsius to kelvin

K \= C + 273

what is fahrenheit

a scale commonly used in the US to representing boiling point at 212 degrees F and freezing point at 32 degrees F

What is Avogadro's number?

6.02 x 10^23

what is celsius

also called centrigrade, commonly used in canada to represent freezing point at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degree celsius

what is kelvin

uses the same degree measure as celsius but has zero set to absolute zero