BZ110 (CSU) exam 2

Evolution

Change in heritable characteristics over generations.

Heritable characteristics

Traits passed from parents to offspring.

Ecology

Study of interactions among organisms and environment.

Microevolution

Small-scale changes within populations over time.

Macroevolution

Large-scale changes above the species level.

Natural selection

Change based on fitness of individuals.

Migration

Movement of individuals between populations.

Genetic drift

Random changes in allele frequencies over generations.

Mutation

Source of new variation in DNA.

Speciation

Process where populations diverge into new species.

Bottleneck effect

Genetic drift from population size reduction.

Founder effect

New population established by few individuals.

Allopatric isolation

Geographic separation leading to speciation.

Sympatric speciation

Divergence of populations in the same area.

Postzygotic barriers

Issues affecting hybrid offspring viability.

Prezygotic barriers

Prevent mating between different species.

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history among species.

Clade

Group including a common ancestor and descendants.

Homologous characteristics

Traits shared due to common ancestry.

Analogous characteristics

Similar traits evolved independently in species.

Shared derived traits

Traits evolved recently in a lineage.

Shared ancestral traits

Traits present in a common ancestor.

Monophyletic group

Includes a common ancestor and all descendants.

Phenetic classification

Grouping based on observable traits.

Taxonomy

Science of naming and classifying organisms.

Hadean Eon

Earliest geological eon of Earth's history.

Archean Eon

Origin of life and early biological processes.

Proterozoic Eon

Development of multicellular organisms and oxygenation.

Great oxidation event

Increase in atmospheric oxygen ~2.2 billion years ago.

Edicarian period

Early multicellular life, including simple animals.

Phanerozoic Eon

Eon representing ~12% of Earth's life history.

Paleozoic Era

First era of the Phanerozoic Eon.

Mesozoic Era

Second era, known for dinosaurs' dominance.

Cenozoic Era

Current era, characterized by mammal diversification.

Cambrian Period

Explosion of complex life; major phyla evolve.

Ordovician Period

First non-vascular plants and jawless fishes.

Silurian Period

First vascular plants and jawed fish appear.

Devonian Period

First amphibians and fish with teeth evolve.

Carboniferous Period

Large forests and first conifers arise.

Permian Period

Ends with largest mass extinction event.

Triassic Period

First turtles and dinosaurs emerge.

Jurassic Period

Dinosaurs dominate; Pangea begins to break up.

Cretaceous Period

Flowering plants evolve; ends with K-T extinction.

Paleogene Period

Grasses evolve; modern bird groups diversify.

Neogene Period

Continents near modern distribution; mammal diversity.

Quaternary Period

Hominins appear; tool use begins ~2.5 MYA.

Population Ecology

Study of species groups in specific areas.

Community Ecology

Focus on interactions between different species populations.

Trophic Interactions

Food chain dynamics among producers and consumers.

Mutualism

Interaction benefiting both species involved.

Predation

One species benefits, the other is harmed.

Competition

Interaction where both species are harmed.

Commensalism

One species benefits, the other is unaffected.

Amensalism

One species is harmed, the other unaffected.

Neutralism

Neither species is affected by the interaction.

Biodiversity Threats

Climate change, overexploitation, habitat change, etc.

Greenhouse Gases

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs.

Phenological Mismatch

Divergence in timing of interacting species.

Biopharmaceuticals

Medicines derived from organism defense mechanisms.

Pollination

Wild pollinators essential for many crops.

Ecosystem Services

Natural processes like flood control and purification.

Animal Traits

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile organisms.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Holozoa

Group including animals and closest protist relatives.

Choanoflagellates

Sister group to all animals; single-celled.

Symmetry Types

Asymmetrical, radial, pentaradial, bilateral forms.

Cleavage Patterns

Radial and spiral patterns in animal development.

Diploblastic Body Plan

Two germ layers with mesoglea in between.

Triploblast Body Plan

Three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Blastula

Embryonic stage before gastrulation.

Schizocoely

Coelom formation by mesodermal tissue splitting.

Enterocoely

Coelom formation from mesodermal pouches.

Amniotic Egg

Egg with protective membranes for embryo.

Temporal Fenestrate

Skull openings distinguishing reptile groups.

Nonavian Reptiles

Ectothermic reptiles with dry skin and scales.

Order Sphenodontia

Includes tuatara; has akenetic skull.

Order Squamata

Includes snakes and lizards; kinetic skull.

Order Testudines

Turtles with anapsid skulls and no teeth.

Clade Archosauria

Includes crocodilians and birds with gizzards.

Common ancestor

An ancestral species from which others evolve.

Theocodont teeth

Teeth set into sockets in the jaw.

Order Crocodylia

Includes crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials.

Oviparous

Species that lay eggs with parental care.

Phylum Chordata

Includes invertebrates and vertebrates.

Class Myxini

Hagfishes with cartilaginous skeletons.

Class Petromyzontidia

Lampreys, jawless with a cartilaginous skeleton.

Class Chondrichthyes

Includes sharks, skates, and rays.

Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fishes, most diverse fish group.

Sarcopterygii

Lobed-finned fish, includes coelacanth and lungfish.

Transition to land

Ancestors of tetrapods began adapting to land.

Class Amphibia

Includes frogs, toads, and salamanders.

Order Gymnophiona

Caecilians, legless and burrowing amphibians.

Order Caudata

Salamanders with long tails and limbs.

Order Anura

Frogs and toads, tailless with jumping limbs.

Chordata characteristics

Notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord.

Urochordata

Tunicates, marine filter feeders with tunic.

Cephalochordata

Lancets, all chordate features present in adults.

Phylum Echinodermata

Pentaradial symmetry, water vascular system.

Asterodia

Starfish with tube feet for feeding.

Ophiuroidea

Brittle stars with distinct arms and disc.