Microbiology Final Exam

16S rRNA gene sequences are useful in taxonomy and considered the gold standard for identifying and describing new species by a __________________.

97% cutoff for species

Evolution is driven by ______________________.

Selection pressure applied to random mutation

Polyphasic taxonomy uses methods that include ______________.

phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic methods

Because DNA-DNA hybridization reveals subtle differences in genes, it is useful for differentiating organisms from different _______________________.

Subspecies or species

According to genome analysis, a member of the genus __________ is most closely related to the mitochondrion.

Rickettsia

You are studying 12 new isolates from the human skin. The isolates have 16s rRNA sequences that are 98% similar and share important phenotypic traits. Their genomes have 71% of their genes in common. The isolates would most likely be __________________.

Classified as individual strains of the same species

An organism that uses methane or methanol as its sole carbon and energy source is called a ____________.

Methylotroph

What characteristics make a gene a good candidate for determining the evolutionary relationships between organisms?

Highly conserved and universally distributed DNA with minor hypervariable regions

Multilocus sequence analysis (MSLA) involves sequencing several different _______________.

Housekeeping genes

Systematic analysis now commonly includes __________ to identify, characterize, and determine relationships between new strains of bacterial species.

Whole genome analysis

% (G+C) stands for _______________.

The percentage of guanine and cytosine in the DNA of an organism

Most of the oligotrophic proteobacteria are found in the ______________.

Alpha proteobacteria

The purple nonsulfur bacteria ___________.

All of the above (Can grow anaerobically as photoorganoheterotrophs, Utilize organic molecules as a source of electrons for photosynthesis, Typically can grow anaerobically in the dark as chemoorganoheterotrophs)

Members of the genus Pseudomonas ___________________.

Are aerobes that mineralize a wide variety of organic compounds

Bacteria that naturally exhibit bioluminescence have been found in which of the following genera?

Vibrio

The genus Desulfovibrio ________________.

All of the choices (Is a strict anaerobe, Uses sulfur as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration, Produces H₂S)

Helicobacter pylori is responsible for ______________.

Peptic ulcer disease

Legionella pneumophila may be found in _____________.

All of the choices (Soil and aquatic ecosystems, Air-conditioning systems, Shower stalls)

Bioremediation of uranium depends on __________________.

Metal reducing bacteria

Members of the genus Rhizobium _____________________.

Grow symbiotically in root nodules of legumes where they fix nitrogen

the process of conversion of ammonia to nitrate is referred to as _______________.

Nitrification

Which of the following is true of Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

It causes crown gall disease when it carries a tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid

Burkholderia cepacian can be a particular problem with _____________.

Cystic fibrosis patients

Members of the genus Salmonella are common causes of ____________.

Gastroenteritis

The causative agent in cholera in humans is a member of the genus ___________.

Vibrio

Methylotrophic bacteria _________________________.

Use reduced one-carbon compounds as their main source of carbon

An example of biomagnification is through the ability of Desulfovibrio to catalyze production of methylmercury, which os lipid soluble, thereby increasing the concentration of mercury in the food chain.

True

Which organisms would most likely be present on the anaerobic bottom to the actual surface of a complex microbial biofilm based on a redox tower?

Methanogens

Degradation of organic matter is influenced by ______________.

All of the choices (Nutrient availability, Abiotic conditions, the nature of the microbial community present)

When nitrate is reduced to dinitrogen gas (N₂), nitrogen is removed from the ecosystem and returned to the atmosphere through a series of reactions collectively known as _________________.

Denitrification

In the anammox process ________________.

All of the choices (Anaerobic oxidation of ammonia is coupled to the reduction of nitrite, Nitrogen gas is evolved (produced), Both ammonia and nitrite are removed by anaerobic conditions)

A major fully reduced form of carbon, which is important in biogeochemical cycling, is _______________.

Methane

Forests are generally regarded as CO₂ ________________.

Sinks

Greenhouse gases include _________________.

CO₂, CH₄, and N_xO

Which of the following categories is the most inclusive?

Phylum

Colds are the MOST infectious viral diseases.

True

Chickenpox is caused by the _____________ virus.

Varicella-zoster Virus

German measles (Rubella) is caused by the ________ virus.

Rubella

In influenza virus, antigenic shift ________________.

Results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics and pandemics

Infectious Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) is usually transmitted by ____________.

Fecal-oral contamination of food or drink

Most acute viral gastroenteritis can be caused by the __________.

Norovirus and rotavirus group

The rabies virus is transmitted to humans by _____________.

All of the choices (The bite of an infected animal, Aerosols of the virus that can be present in cases where bats root, Contamination of scratches with saliva from an infected animal)

Which of the following is a common cure or preventive treatment for mumps?

Vaccine

West Nile virus has been detected in __________ continental state of the U.S.

48

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, a patient is only considered to have AIDS when they test positive for a few more than 200 CD⁴⁺ T cells/mL of blood in the patient.

True

Which of the following does not likely transmit the AIDS virus?

Mosquitoes

Genital herpes is associated with ________________.

All of these (Congenital herpes, Cervical cancer, Miscarriages)

The Ebola virus causes ___________.

Hemorrhagic fever

SARS ____________________________.

Is short for severe acute respiratory syndrome

Most drugs used to slow the progress of AIDS fall into which of the following catergories?

Reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors

One variola virus causes disease, also known as Variola with extensive rash, fever, and 33% fatality rate, is _____________.

Small Pox

TB is only caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

False

Which of the following is the most likely casual agent of gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

Individuals who have an active case of tuberculosis may mainly spread the disease by ____________ uninfected individuals.

Coughing near

Which of the following is caused by a member of the rickettsias (Rickettsia rickettsii)?

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

In the primary stage of syphilis, the initial symptom is a small, painless, reddened ulcer called a _____________.

Chancre

Neisseria gonorrhoeae may sometimes cause ___________.

Ophthalmia neonatorum

The pathogen most frequently involved in causing clostridial myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene) is _____________.

Clostridium perfingens

‘Meningitis’ is a disease of brain which is caused by ____________.

All of the above (Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Meningococcus)

Which of the following is important in the treatment of potential infections by Clostridium tetani?

All of the choices are important in the treatment of potential infections by Clostridium tetani

Diagnosis of syphilis is by the way of _______________.

All of the choices (Clinical history, Immunofluorescence examination of lesion fluids, Dark-field examination of lesion fluids)

Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease, is an acute infection of the mucous membranes of the ___________.

All of the choices (Genitourinary tract, Conjunctiva, Rectum)

One of the natural reservoirs of Cholera is shellfish.

True

Campylobacter jejuni is commonly found in the intestinal tract of ______________.

All of the choices (Chickens, Turkeys, Cattle)

Campylobacter jejuni is transmitted to humans by all of the following except _______________.

Insect vectors

Which of the following is not involved in the transmission of salmonellosis?

Canned vegetables

Humans acquire typhoid fever by ______________.

Ingesting water or food contaminated with feces

Bacillary dysentery can be caused by genus Shigella spp. which rely on humans as the only host.

True