Bio Final Cumulative

Digestion is

the breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the body can absorb

what is the order of the four stages of food processing

ingestion

digestion

absorption

elimination

which process is an example of mechanical digestion

chewing

the main function of amylase is to

break down proteins

the normal flow of contents in the human alimentary canal is

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

smooth muscle contraction moves food through the alimentary canal by a process called

peristalsis

both the esophagus and trachea open to the

pharynx

the stomachs gastric juice consists of

mucus

pepsin

hydrochloric acid

when contracted, __ prevents movement of chyme from the stomach back into the

sphincter

most absorption of carbs, fats, and proteins occur in the

small intestine

the epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase the area for absorption. these projections are called ____

microvilli

the ___ absorbs water

large intestine

if not enough water is reabsorbed from the structure in #13, ___ will occur

diarrhea

___ will accumulate in the adipose tissue and become toxic if too much are taken in

fat soluble vitamins

certain amino acids are called essential because they __

cannot be made by the body from other compunds

if calories taken in are greater than calories burned, what will happen

weight gain

Kimberly eats only Jolly Ranchers and Sprite. What nutritional disorder is she likely to have?

malnutrition

___is the pacemaker of the heart and generates electrical impulses that spread through the heart

sinoatrial node

veins carry ___

blood toward the heart

Which vessel has the structure best suited for nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

capillary

the one-way flow of blood in veins is maintained by

valves

During breathing, humans___

the diaphragm moves downward and the rib muscles contract, increasing the size of the chest cavity and decreasing the air pressure within the chest cavity

if your blood pressure were 120/70, it would mean that

your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole is 70

red blood cells lack nuclei and other organelles which allows them to

have more room to carry hemoglobin

when tissue lining a blood vessel is damaged, the first thing that happens is

platelets adhere to the damaged tissue

white blood cells play a particularly important role in ___

fighting infections

what path does a molecule of O2 take from the nose to the respiratory surface

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchus

bronchiole

alveolus

in the human respiratory system, gas exchange occurs across the cells of the

alveoli

most of the time, breathing is controlled by

control centers in the brain stem

when you hold your breath, which changes in one or more blood gases leads initially to the urge to breathe again

rising carbon dioxide level

the cells that carry electric signals from one part of the body to another in the nervous system are

neurons

which structure carry incoming messages toward the cell body of a neuron

dendrites

what cushion structure of the central nervous system, helps supply them with nutrients and hormonoes, and carries away wastes

cerebrospinal fluid

what is the correct order of AP

AP arrives at synaptic terminal

vesicles fuse w/ plasma membrane

ion channel opens

NT released into synaptic cleft

NT bind receptor on next cell

NT removed from synaptic cleft

which function role of the nervous system is carried out by interneurons

integration

what is the value of threshold

-55 mV

which parts of the body compromise the central nervous system

spinal cord and brain

you start an exam and realize that you did not study enough for it, you find it difficult to concentrate because your heart is raising, you stomach seems tied in a knot, you are breathing too quickly, and your mouth is dry. mostly likely, you are experiencing the effects of

sympathetic division

you are out for a walk and start to trip, but you keep your balance and don’t fall. which brain region is responsible for the rapid coordination of muscle activity that kept you from falling

cerebellum

which area of the brain is responsible for controlling homeostasis, the pituitary gland, and the autonomic nervous system

hypothalamus

alzheimers disease is characterized by

confusion and memory loss

what is the flow of blood through the mammaliam circulitory system

right atrium

tricuspid valve

right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

pulmonary artery

pulmonary capillary

pulmonary vein

left atrium

bicuspid valve

left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

aorta

systemic capillary

superior and inferior vena cava

right atrium

Energy can be defined as

the capacity to cause change

an object at rest has no ___ energy, but it may have ___ energy resulting from its location or structure

kinetic, potential

a boulder at the top of a hill contains ___ energy

potential

how does the figure below represent the relationship between energy and ATP?

ATP can perform cellular work when it releases a phosphate group

what compound directly provides energy for cellular work

ATP

ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring a(n) ___ to those molecules

phosphate groups

usually, enzymes are ___

proteins

the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called

metabolism

enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by __

decreasing the temperature of the substrates

an enzymes function is most dependent on its ___

shape

the region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the __ site

active

substances that plug up an enzyme’s active site are enzyme __

inhibitors

in the figure below, how does the molecule labeled A affect enzyme function?

it is an inhibitor that changes the enzyme’s active site

what is equilibrium

molecules moving in one direction equaling molecules moving in the other direction

diffusion is an example of

passive transport

facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ___ and moves a substance __ its concentration gradient

transport proteins; down

when two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will

exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration

a cell that neither gains nor loses a net amount of water at equilibrium when it is immersed in a solution is ___

isotonic to its environment

what process could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings

active transport

specialized cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. Which process could be responsible for its secretion

exocytosis

what cell transport is modeled in the diagram? *cells entering*

a liver cell uses endocytosis to take up cholesterol from the blood

bone is a type of

connective tissue

carcinomas occur in epithelial tissue because of

continual renewal and exposure to harsh external environements

the main function of most types of epithelial tissue is

covering surfaces

which type of tissue stores fat in the body

adipose tissue

what kind of connective tissue has a matrix that is strong and flexible

cartilage

which type of connective tissue is the most common in the typical human body

loose connective tissue

one function of the organ system is

exchange of gases between the blood and air

involuntary muscles include

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

which organ system is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients

digestive

imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this animal practices homeostasis with respect to the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will show ___

slight, continuous fluctuations

the figure below shows that

“external environment → homeostatic → animals internal environment

large external changes → mechanisms → small internal changes

homeostatic mechanism allows cats to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even when the external environment changes

homeostasis is

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

most homeostatic mechanisms depend on

negative feedback

the vertabrate kidney helps to keep the acidity of the body fluids constant by varying the amounth of hydrogen ions it sercretes into the urine. This aspect of kidney function, like other mechanisms of homeostasis is most likely controlled by

a negative feedback mechanism

*pic of thermostat*

if the room becomes too warm, the next thing that will occur is __

the heater is turned off

when body temperature is too low, what occurs?

blood vessels in the skin constrict

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney

nephron

reabsorption is the movement of substances from ___ to the ___

filtrate; blood

secretion is the movement of substances from the ___ to the _

blood; filtrate

excretion is the movement of substances from the ___ to the ___

kidneys; outside

which process describes the forcing of water and other small molecules from the blood into a kidney tubule

filtration

heat exchange with the environment will be most efficient in a structure that has large ___

surface area

bacteria in the urine indicates

urinary tract infection

ATP energizes other molecules in cells bytransferring phosphate groups to those molecules. Which major theme of biology is this

pathway that transforms energy and matter

an organism depends on the interconnection of all its organ systems for survival. For instance, skipping a meal lowers your blood glucose level. This change stimulates the pancreatic cells of your endocrine system to release a hormone that causes your liver to release glucose into the bloodstream. Which major theme of biology is this?

interactions within biological systems

how is the urinary system regulated by ADH when you are dehydrated and when you are overhydrated?

• When dehydrated, ADH increases, body’s solute concentration is high, nephron reabsorbed more H20, urine is more yellow

• when overhydrated, body’s solute concentration is low, ADH decreases, and the nephron reabsorbs less H20 urine is clear

what does ADH stand for

Anti Diuretic Hormone

what is biology

the scientific study of life

a hypothesis is a…

a proposed explanation for a set of observations

What are the steps of the process of science in an order in which they might occur

observation, question, hypothesis, experiment

why is water considered a polar molecule

the oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge

the polarity of water molecule helps explains water ability to support life

the relationship of structure to function

adjacent water molecules interact with one another via ____ bonds

hydrogen

the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is called what

cohesion

why are some insects able to walk on water

the surface tension that is a result of water’s cohesive properties make this possible

what happens as water freezes

its molecules move farther apart

protein powder dissolves when stirred/shaken into milk. The milk is the , while the protein powder is the _

solvent; solute