Bootcamp.com - Diversity of Life

what is taxonomy?

the science of classifying organisms

list the broadest to most specific taxonomic ranks:

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

list the six kingdoms:

1. Archaea

2. Eubacteria

3. Protista

4. Fungi

5. Plantae

6. Animalia

eubacteria and archaea are _____ cells

prokaryotic

_____ do not have membrane-bound nuclei (or organelles for the most part)

prokaryotes

_____ have cell walls with peptidoglycan and esters

eubacteria

_____ have polysaccharide cell walls and ethers

archaea

_____ is a combination of carbohydrate and amino acids in bacterial cell walls

peptidoglycan

what is a gram stain?

a test to determine the amount of peptidoglycan content in a eubacteria cell wall

_____ bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, and they appear dark purple

gram positive

_____ bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer between two membranes, and they appear pink

gram negative

the _____ makes gram negative bacteria visible during staining

counterstain

the _____ is the gel located in the periplasmic space (predominantly in gram negative bacteria)

periplasm

_____ is found (predominantly) between membranes of gram negative bacteria

periplasmic space

(very small in gram positive bacteria)

list the layers of gram positive bacterial membrane (from inside to outside)

plasma membrane > periplasmic space > peptidoglycan

list the layers of gram negative bacterial membrane (from inside to outside)

plasma membrane > periplasmic space > peptidoglycan > outer membrane (LPS and protein)

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an _____ found in gram _____ bacteria only

endotoxin; negative

where is LPS found in gram negative cells, and when is it released?

the outer membrane; when the bacteria is destroyed

an _____ is a toxin that both gram positive and gram negative bacteria secrete

exotoxin

endotoxins are only secreted by gram _____ bacteria

negative

_____ are acidic polysaccharides that provide significant rigidity and structure only in gram _____ bacteria

teichoic acids; positive

how do teichoic acids confer rigidity and structure?

they connect the cell wall peptidoglycan to the cell membrane

a _____ covers both gram negative and gram positive bacterial cell walls

capsule

bacterial capsules are _____ because they decrease the capacity for bacteria to be phagocytosed by immune cells

virulence factors

in prokaryotes, the small ribosomal subunit is _____ and the large ribosomal subunit is _____ - these combine to form a _____ ribosome

30S; 50S; 70S

prokaryotic ribosomal subunits are made in the _____, and they are assembled into a 70S ribosome in the _____

nucleoid/cytosol; cytosol

eubacteria and archaea can contain extrachromosomal pieces of DNA called _____

plasmids

plasmids are segments of _____ DNA that may pass _____ between cells

extrachromosomal; horizontally

_____ have histone proteins and introns, but _____ lack both

archaea; bacteria

archaea and bacteria both have _____ and _____ (structural features)

pili; flagella

both archaea and bacteria undergo _____ to reproduce

binary fission (asexual reproduction)

binary fission is an _____ mechanism where cells simultaneously grow, replicate their genome, and divide into 2 genetically identical cells

asexual reproduction

protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia are _____ kingdoms

eukaryotic

eukaryotes have membrane bound _____ and _____

nuclei; organelles

some _____ have cell walls, whereas most _____ will have them

non-mamalian eukaryotes: prokaryotes

(mammals have an extracellular matrix with collagen fibrils instead of a cell wall)

prokaryotic cells are _____ (size) than eukaryotes

smaller

prokaryotes tend to have _____ chromosome(s) in their _____, while eukaryotes tend to have _____ chromosome(s) in their _____

a single, circular; nucleoid; multiple, linear; nucleus

plasmids are frequently in _____, but they only occur sometimes in _____

bacterial prokaryotes; eukaryotes

(plasmids occur sometimes in archaeal prokaryotes)

histone proteins are present in _____ and _____, but they are absent in _____

eukaryotes; archaeal prokaryotes; bacterial prokaryotes

DNA replication is _____ (speed) in prokaryotes, but it is _____ (speed) in eukaryotes

fast; slow

introns are present in _____ and _____, but they are absent in _____

eukaryotes; archaeal prokaryotes; bacterial prokaryotes

prokaryotes have _____ ribosomes, while eukaryotes have _____ ribosomes

70S (30S and 50S subunits); 80S (40S and 60S subunits)

prokaryotes are _____ (ploidy), while eukaryotes are _____ (ploidy)

haploid; diploid

(prokaryotes/eukaryotes) do not have telomeres, but (prokaryotes/eukaryotes) do

prokaryotes; eukaryotes

the electron transport chain (ETC) is located along the _____ of prokaryotes, and it is located along the _____ of eukaryotes

cell membrane; mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)

transcription + translation occurs simultaneously for the same mRNA transcript in _____

prokaryotes

transcription + translation does not occur simultaneously for the same mRNA transcript in _____

eukaryotes

(transcription occurs first in the nucleus, then translation occurs when the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm)

prokaryotes have a (short/long) cell cycle, and they divide by _____

short; binary fission

eukaryotes have a (short/long) cell cycle, and they divide by _____

long; mitosis/meiosis

(mitosis for somatic cells and meiosis to make gametes)

_____ are usually unicellular organisms, which can be fungus like, animal like, or plant like

protists

fungus-like protists (slime mold) do not have a cell wall made of _____ and they can move via _____

chitin; flagella or cilia

_____ organisms feed on decaying matter

saprophytic

how do fungus-like protists reproduce?

asexual reproduction and sporulation

_____ protists are photosynthetic primary producers

plant-like

dinoflagellates, diatoms, and euglenoids are unicellular, _____ protists that live in aquatic environments, reproduce asexually

plant-like

_____ is an algal bloom created by dinoflagellates, which leads to a build up of toxins and depletion of oxygen in the water

red tide

amoeba and paramecium are _____ protists (protozoa)

animal-like

amoeba and paramecium are protozoa (animal-like protists) that move via _____

cilia/flagella

_____ are protozoa (animal-like protists) that are heterotrophic and act as parasitic pathogens

amoeba and paramecium

fungi are heterotrophic _____, and they are (prokaryotic/eukaryotic)

saprophytes; eukaryotic

_____ are unicellular, eukaryotic, non-filamentous fungi

yeasts

yeast are _____ (metabolism), and they reproduce asexually, by _____

facultatively anaerobic; budding

_____ are multicellular, eukaryotic, filamentous fungi

molds

molds form hyphae, and they are _____(metabolism)

aerobic

_____ are long branching network with nearby fungi

hyphae

a _____ is a whole group of hyphae

mycelium

_____ hyphae are separated into sections

septate

_____ hyphae are not separated into sections

coenocytic

fungi reproduce _____ when environmental conditions are good, and _____ when environmental conditions are bad

asexually; sexually

what is plasmogamy and how does it occur?

initiating step of sexual reproduction for filamentous fungi; two hyphae of a mycelium fuse their cytoplasm

following plasmogamy, the single fused cell now contains two haploid nuclei known as _______

pronuclei

what is the process of fusing pronuclei to form a single diploid cell in fungi?

karyogamy

lichens are _____ containing fungi

symbiotic autotrophs

fungi can be paired with _____ or _____ in a lichen

algae; cyanobacteria

what are some of the most common features that animals share?

eukaryotic; diploid; multicellular; heterotrophic aerobes; usually motile; nervous and muscular systems

what are the ten most important phyla?

Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Rotifera

Annelida

Mollusca

Arthropoda

Echinodermata

Chordata

_____ is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm

coelom

_____ have no cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

acoelomates

the coelom is only partially surrounded by mesodermal tissue in _____

pseudocoelomates

which of the nine phyla are acoelomate (lack a coelom)?

Platyhelminthes are acoelomate. Cnidaria and Porifera are not triploblastic are are unable to be classified by coelom.

which two phyla are considered pseudocoelomate?

nematoda, rotifera

a _____ provides rigidity through fluid pressure

hydrostatic skeleton

what are the five coelomate phyla?

annelids, mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata, and chordata

_____ is a form of asexual reproduction, where an outgrowth from an old organism produces a new organism

budding

_____ have both male and female sexual structures, so they can produce both male and female gametes

hermaphrodites

_____ are organisms without true tissues

parazoa

_____ organisms are fixed in one place

sessile

_____ organisms have endoderm and ectoderm (no mesoderm)

diploblastic

_____ are organisms that have true tissues

eumetazoans

_____ are digestive systems with just one opening

gastrovascular cavities

_____ are cells that shoot poisonous barbs for protection and hunting

cnidocytes

nerve nets are primitive central nervous systems found in organisms without _____ and _____ symmetry

cephalization; radial

_____ symmetry refers to symmetry around the central axis

radial

what are some examples of platyhelminthes?

flatworms, trematoda, flukes, tapeworm, planaria

platyhelminthes have _____ symmetry and cephalization (a head)

bilateral

how are tissues organized in platyhelminthes?

triploblasts, eumetazoa

describe the circulatory system of platyhelminthes:

none (diffusion)

describe the nervous system of platyhelminthes:

two nerve cords with an anterior centralized ganglia (brain)

describe the respiratory system of platyhelminthes:

none (diffusion)

describe the digestive system of platyhelminthes:

gastrovascular cavity with two-way digestion