The Bio 102 Mega Review

Every single one of my bio 102 review knowts, merged into one super knowt set. Good luck, have fun, you got this for the final...

All living things are made of…

cells

cell

membrane bound units filled with aqueous chemicals and organelles and can make copies of itself

micrometer

unit of measurement at the cellular level

Cells are made of…

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

genes

instructions in the DNA that code for proteins

4 DNA nucleotides

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

Central dogma

DNA → RNA → protein

amino acids

monomers that make up proteins

mutation

DNA copies incorrectly and changes or removes sequences of nucleotides, changing proteins that are made

Evolution

mutations over billions of cell generations that permanently change species

Microscope

Instrument that allows us to zoom incredible amounts and see cells

Electron microscope

microscope that uses beams of electrons instead of light (shorter wavelength) so see much more zoomed in than conventional light microscopes

Robert Hooke

First person to observe and name cells

Cell Theory

All cells come from growth and division of preexisting cells

Extracellular Matrix

Protein fibers that connect cells together in multicellular organisms

Plasma Membrane

Barrier Enclosing Cell

Nucleus

Organelle containing DNA, in center of Eukaryotes

Cytoplasm

Transparent substance filling the inside of a cell

Ribosome

Small organelle that assembles proteins

Fluoresence Microscopy

Light microscope with fluorescent dyes that give off light when illuminated, help distinguish organelles

Prokaryotes

Cells without nuclei

Eukaryotes

Cells with nuclei

Archaea

Ancient prokaryotes adapted to live in extreme conditions that normal cells cannot

Mitochondria

worm shaped organelle that converts food into ATP (usable energy)

Chloroplasts

large green organelle in plants and algae that convert sunlight and CO2 and H2O into sugar and oxygen

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough version synthesizes proteins

Smooth version synthesizes lipids

Golgi Apparatus

packages and modifies molecules made in the ER for export

Lysosomes

intercellular digestion

Peroxisomes

detoxifies peroxides in cell

cytosol

aqueous portion of the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

system of protein filaments that help with movement and maintain shapes

Actin

thinnest cytoskeleton filaments for contractions

Microtubules

thickest cytoskeleton filaments that are tube like and pull chromosomes apart

intermediate filaments

part of cyctoskeleton that maintain cell shape and strengthen it

transport vesicles

shuttle from one organelle to others

E.coli

Model Organism for studying basic prokaryote cell properties

S. cerevisiae

yeast, model organisms for studying single celled, simple eukaryotic processes

Arabidopsis

Plant model organism used for studying plant development

Drosphilia Melongaster

Fly, idea organism for studying genetics

C. elegans

worm for studying tissue specialization

Zebrafish

ideal for studying vertebrate development, transparent for first two weeks of development

Mouse

Ideal for studying mammals, useful in medicine

Organic Chemistry

Chemistry of life based on carbon compounds

aqueous

watery environment

polymers

molecules made of subunits connected end to end

Avogadro’s Number

6.022×10²³ atoms or 6×10²³

Dalton

Unit of molecular weight

Electronegativity

tendancy of atom to attract electrons

Bond Strength

energy needed to break bond

Catabolism

break down food into smaller molecules to create usable energy and building blocks

anabolism

use energy created in catabolism to drive synthesis of new molecules that form cell

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy neither created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another

Second law of thermodynamics

entropy always increases

entropy

measures disorder in universe

Activated carrier

stores usable energy in chemical bonds to use later

Oxidation

lose electrons in reaction

reduction

gain electrons in reaction

free energy

energy available that can do work

activation energy

energy boost required to start a reaction

Standard free energy change

change in free energy independent of concentration

Michaelis Constant

concentration of substrate where enzyme works at half minimum speed

Michaelis Menten Graph

Lineweaver Burk Graph

Fatty Acids Comprise of:

Hydrophillic head with a hydrophobic tail

Saturated Fatty Acids

Filled with single bonds, no double bonds, solid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Have at lease one double bond, liquid at room temperature.

Phospholipid Bilayer

make up membrane of the cell, head contains phosphate group

Plasma membrane

thin yet durable membrane that holds the cell together

amphipathic

contains a hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion

How are membranes made more fluid?

Unsaturated fatty acids

sterols for rigidity (ex. cholesterol)

temperature

length of fatty acid tails

Membrane proteins

proteins scattered throughout the cell membrane in a fluid mosaic model that have a variety of purposes

glycolipids

lipids that have sugars attached to them

transporters

shift small organic molecules by changing shape - passive

channels

pores to facilitate ion diffusion

simple diffusion

transport of molecules without energy from high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

form of passive transport that moves molecules across the cell membrane with the help of a protein

Active Transport

uses energy to transport large molecules and/or against their concentration gradient

Concentration gradient

gradual high concentration to low concentration across a membrane

the lipid bilayer is penetrable to:

small nonpolar molecules

uncharged polar molecules

membrane potential

tiny gradient in electrical charge across a membrane

resting membrane potential

non zero voltage diffence that is steady

threshold voltage in humans

-55 mV

peak of depolarization voltage

40 mV

transmembrane domain

nonpolar region of membrane protein that is lodged in hydrophobic tails of membrane

transmembrane protein

membrane protein that completely passes through membrane

monolayer associated protein

membrane protein directly attacked to membrane, but only on one side

lipid anchored protein

membrane protein attached purely by a lipid

peripheral membrane protein

protein loosely associated with the membrane and purely attached by another protein

tight junction

prevents protein from moving past it and creates seal between cells

Aquaporins

channels for water to freely enter

osmosis

movement/diffusion of water, toward higher solute concentration

hyposmotic

more water inside cell than outside

hyperosmotic

less water outside cell than inside cell

isosmotic

equal concentrations of water inside and outside cell

gap junctions

pores between two or more cells

Nernst Equation

V = 62log(C_o/C_i)

Patch-Clamp Recording

fine glass microelectrode records voltage of cell membrane

ligand gated channel

needs allosteric binding of ligand to open

mechanically gated channel

mechanical force needed to open

voltage gated channel

opens only to a certain membrane potential