HHD - UNIT 3/ AOS 1

Smoking

a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream

Smoking and CVD

tobacco smoke --> reduces oxygen in blood --> increased blood pressure and heart rate - chemicals in tobacco smoke speed up process of atherosclerosis (build up of plaque on blood vessels --> harder for blood to get through) --> increases risk of heart attack and stroke --> higher mortality rates - chemicals in tobacco smoke thicken blood making it sticky and more likely to form blood clots --> restricts blood flow to parts of the body including heart and brain

Smoking and Cancer

tobacco smoke can cause fault in cells as they divide --> lead to a tumour and ultimately cancer - these faults can be caused in many parts of the body --> most preventable risk factor for cancer and cancer related deaths is Australia --> inreased morbidity

Smoking and prenatal / infant health outcomes

tobacco use (pregnancy) reduces blood flow to the baby --> reduces the amount of nutrients available for optimal development --> increase risk of low birth weight

Low Birth Weight

under 2.5 kg - babies are more likely to have an underdeveloped immune system --> more susceptible to infections --> more likely to suffer from premature death --> infant and U5MR

Smoking and Asthma

- exposure to tobacco smoke early in life (including in uterus) can increase risk of asthma - asthma causes muscles in airways to tighten and the lining of the airway becomes swollen and inflamed --> producing sticky mucous --> makes it difficult to breathe - for people with asthma, exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk of an asthma attack --> symptoms more difficult to control --> increased morbidity

Smoking and Respiratory Disease

tobacco smoke damages airways --> contributes to respiratory conditions --> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (groups of disease that reduce airflow to the lungs making it difficult to breathe) (COPD) --> increased morbidity - tobacco smoke contributes to this condition by causing inflammation in the airways and destroying air sacs in the lungs (where gas exchange occurs

Smoking and Infectious Diseases

Exposure to tobacco smoke can lower immune function and increase the risk of contracting infectious diseases --> upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia - Children exposed to tobacco smoke can be particularly susceptible to infections --> contribute to morbidity rates and YLD among younger age groups

Alcohol misuse

refers to the excessive consumption of alcohol and includes alcoholism and binge drinking over a period of time it can indicate the presence of an alcohol use disorde

Alcohol Use Disorder

a disease characterised by ongoing risky alcohol consumption

Alcoholism

is when a person can’t stop drinking once they have started or has a constant desire to drink alcohol, more likely to contribute to chronic conditions in the long term —→ liver disease

Binge Drinking

consuming more than 4 standard drinks in one sitting resulting in health concerns in the short term → road accidents, injuries, drowning and violence

Alcohol and high BMI (obesity)

alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy --> increases chance of gaining weight --> over time can cause a person becoming overweight or obese - obesity is a risk factor for a range of other conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers

Alcohol and Liver disease

Alcohol is filtered through the liver --> excessive consumption can cause liver scarring --> liver not filtering the toxins properly --> toxins stay in the body --> can cause chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) --> increased mortality

Body Mass Index - BMI

a statistical measure of body mass calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by height (in m2

High Body Mass Index

a weight above a healthy range classified as either overweight or obese doesn't take into account fat distribution

Alcohol and injuries

alcohol can change a persons behaviour --> puts strain on relationships and increases risk of mental health issues --> suicide and self harm --> increased morbidity and mortality - under influence of alcohol --> more likely to act impulsively and take risks --> drinking and driving and displaying aggression --> increases morbidity and mortlaity artes from injuries and violence - affects judgement and motor control --> falls and road traffic injuries --> significant cause of burden of disease

Alcohol and mental health issues

Alcohol is a depressant, and some studies suggest that people with depressive symptoms are more likely to misuse alcohol and develop alcohol dependence in their younger years - alcohol use is associated with greater risk of suicide and self-inflicted injuries --> increased mortality and morbidity

High Body Mass Index and CVD

greater strain on heart --> increases risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke - can mean cholesterol levels are elevated --> increases rate of atherosclerosis and risk of CVD - increases risk of irregular heartbeat increased morbidity and mortality

High Body Mass Index and cancer

relationship between high body mass index and the Arte of some cancers inducing colorectal and breast

High Body Mass Index and Kidney disease

Increases risk of high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes --> significant risk factors for kidney disease

Alcohol and prenatal/ infant health outcomes

Alcohol consumption while pregnant increases the risk of premature birth, low birth weight and foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
FASD is an umbrella term that describes a range of conditions that can occur in children exposed to alcohol before birth.

Alcohol and Cancer

- increases risk of some cancers (mouth, throat, stomach, liver and breast) --> influenced by how much someone drinks regardless of body weight --> premature death --> mortality, DALY and life expectancy

High Body Mass Index and Type 2 Diabetes

Greater risk factor for type 2 diabetes → contributes to diabetes burden → YLD

Type 2 diabetes is where the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin or the body can’t use the insulin effectively ( insulin resistance )

High BMI and arthritis and osteoporosis

. contributes to osteoarthritis due to cartilage being worn down (cartilage cushions joints where bones meet and when it wears down the bones rub causing pain and limited mobility) --> can get worse over time --> YLD
- can increase risk of osteoporosis

High BMI and Asthma

Children with a high BMI have a greater risk of developing asthma than children with a healthy body mass

High BMI and mental health issues

Contribute to anxiety and depression (especially children) → contribute to significant morbidity and YLD for younger age groups

High BMI and maternal health conditions

Pregnant women with a high body mass are more susceptible to pregnancy related conditions → high blood pressure and gestational diabetes.

Risk factor for maternal mortality

Vegetables

Nutrient dense (large amount of nutrients)

Low in kilojoules

High in Dietary fibre

Antioxidants ( compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals

underconsumption of vegetables and high BMI

Under Consuming vegetables may mean you are eating more energy dense foods → high BMI → CVD, cancer, kidney disease, type 2 diabetes → YLL and YLD, mortality and morbidity

Vegetables are a rich source of fibre → assists in reducing weight gain and cancers (colorectal) → YLL, YLD, mortality and morbidity

Under consumption of vegetables and CVD and cancer

- free radicals damage cells --> increase rates of morbidity and mortality due to CVD and cancer
- antioxidants in vegetables target free radicals and get rid of them in the body --> reduce BOD associated with CVD and cancer
- underconsumption may mean antioxidant consumption is low --> increases risk of these conditions

Under consumption of vegetables and neural tube defects

folate is found in vegetables --> significant role in development of brain and spinal cord during prenatal stage
- underconsumption increases the risk of neural tube defects (spina bifida) --> morbidity and mortality (infants), DALY, infant and U5M

Fruits

essential nutrients
- low in fat
- good source of antioxidant

Under consumption of fruit and high BMI

make you feel full for longer --> less likely to eat energy dense foods --> protect against weight gain, high body mass --> CVD, type 2 diabetes and cancers

Under consumption of fruit and CVD, cancers and neural tube defects

free radicals damage cells --> increase rates of morbidity and mortality due to CVD and cancer
- antioxidants in vegetables target free radicals and get rid of them in the body --> reduce BOD associated with CVD and cancer
- underconsumption may mean antioxidant consumption is low --> increases risk of these conditions
- folate is found in fruit --> significant role in development of brain and spinal cord during prenatal stage --> underconsumption increases the risk of nueral tube defects

underconsumption of dairy and osteoporosis

dairy is high in calcium --> essential for strengthening bones and preventing osteoporosis (weak, porous bones that are susceptible to fracture)
- underconsumption can increase morbidity and mortality due to CVD, colorectal cancer, type 2 diabetes and dental caries

underconsumption of dairy and CVD

Underconsumption of dairy has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke

underconsumption of dairy and colorectal cancer

underconsumption of dairy increases risk of developing colorectal cancer --> morbidity and mortality and DALY

Under consumption of dairy and type 2 diabetes

Underconsumption of milk and milk products --> consuming refined sugars and carbohydrates --> increase risk of type 2 diabetes and gaining weight --> morbidity and mortality and DALY

Under consumption of dairy and dental caries

Under consumption of dairy often means teeth are not as strong --> increasing the risk of dental caries --> incidence of dental caries and YLD
dental caries --> decay of teeth and breakdown in the tissue that make up the tooth

High intake of fat and high BMI

fuel for energy production --> contribute to weight gain if energy isn't used due to excessive consumption --> high body mass index and associated conditions --> increases morbidity and mortality in relation to CVD, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes and some cancers --> DALY, morbidity and mortality rates

Fats

saturated and trans increase LDL cholesterol in blood --> increase risk of CVD
- trans fats decrease HDL --> increase risk of heart disease and stroke
- mono and polyunsaturated reduce LDL --> reduces risk of CVD
- polyunsaturated increase HDL and reduce blood clots and inflammation --> decrease risk of heart disease and stroke

High intake of fat and type 2 diabetes

diets high in saturated and trans fats have been shown to interfere with the function of cell membranes --> increases the impact of impaired glucose regulation and the risk of type 2 diabetes --> DALY, morbidity and mortality rates

High intake of fat and colorectal cancer

saturated and trans fat can increase the risk of high body mass index, which is a risk factor for colorectal cancer, excessive intake also appears to increase the risk of colorectal cancer directly --> DALY, morbidity and mortality rates

High intake of salt and hypertension

High levels of sodium in the body can draw excess fluid out of the cells --> increases blood volume and contributes to hypertension --> DALY, morbidity and mortality

High intake of salt and CVD

- increased blood volume and hypertension cause the heart to work faster --> results in heart failure if it can't keep with the demand of the body
- hypertension associated with excess sodium intake --> high rates if stroke and heart attack --> DALY, morbidity and mortality

High intake of salt and osteoporosis

Excess sodium causes calcium to be excreted in urine --> demineralisation of bones and osteoporosis --> increased YLD and incidence --> especially older females

High intake of sugar and high BMI

if consumed in excess --> stored as adipose (fat) tissue --> lead to weight gain and high body mass index --> DALY and higher mortality

High intake of sugar and dental caries/ dental disease

sugars are a food source for bacteria in the mouth --> bacteria produces acid --> contribute to dental decay and development of dental caries
- dental caries --> reduced self esteem due to altered appearance --> impact mental health and wellbeing --> YLD, incidence and prevalence (especially younger Australians)
- if dental caries are left untreated --> periodontitis --> characterised by inflammation and infection of tissues that support the teeth --> lead to loosening and loss of teeth in long term --> YLD

Fibre

doesn't get absorbed by the body, travels through the digestive system
- promotes feeling of fullness and assist in keeping the digestive tract clean by adding bulk to faeces
- soluble fibre - absorbs water
- insoluble fibre - doesn't absorb moisture

low intake of fibre and high BMI

fibre provides feeling of fullness --> low intake can lead to overeating and high body mass index
- soluble fibre (once absorbed water) forms a mushy, gel like substance that slows digestion and delays absorption of glucose in the bloodstream --> low intake --> more glucose absorbed --> increasing risk of high body mass index

Low intake of fibre and colorectal cancer

Fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean --> reduces the risk of abnormal cells developing
- Low intake of fibre intake is associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer, including bowel cancer

Low intake of fibre and CVD

soluble fibre attaches to particles of LDL cholesterol and helps to excrete them --> decreases cholesterol levels --> reduces morbidity and mortality of CVD
- low intake increases the rate of cholesterol absorption and the risk of CVD

Low intake of fibre and type 2 diabetes

Low intake of insoluble cereal fibre lead to higher risk of type 2 diabete
- fibre reduces the absorption of glucose which protects against type 2 diabetes as it takes pressure off pancreas

Iron

essential part of the blood and forms 'haem' of haemoglobin --> oxygen carrying part
- low iron --> iron deficiency anaemia

Anaemia

a condition characterised by a reduced ability of the body to deliver enough oxygen to the cells due to a lack of healthy red blood cells

Low intake of iron and anaemia

people with iron deficiency anaemia struggle with energy to complete daily activities
- red meat --> rich source of iron but high in saturated fat
- lean cuts of meat should be chosen and iron also be gained from nuts, brown rice and eggs
- YLD, incidence and prevalence due to anaemia, especially females of child bearing age