Psychological Disorders Overview

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70 Terms

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Psychological Disorder

A syndrome with significant disturbances in cognition, emotion, or behavior.

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Medical Model

Concept treating diseases, including psychological disorders, with physical causes.

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Epigenetics

Study of environmental influences on gene expression without DNA change.

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DSM-5

American Psychiatric Association's system for classifying psychological disorders.

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ADHD

Disorder with extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

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Anxiety Disorders

Disorders with distressing anxiety or maladaptive behaviors.

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Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear and avoidance of social situations.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety disorder with continual tension and autonomic arousal.

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Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder with unpredictable episodes of intense dread.

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Agoraphobia

Fear or avoidance of situations causing loss of control and panic.

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Phobia

Anxiety disorder with irrational fear and avoidance of specific things.

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OCD

Disorder with unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions.

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PTSD

Disorder with haunting memories and hypervigilance after trauma.

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Major Depressive Disorder

Disorder with depressive symptoms lasting two or more weeks.

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Bipolar Disorder

Disorder alternating between depression and mania.

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Mania

Hyperactive, optimistic state with poor judgment.

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Rumination

Compulsive overthinking and fretting.

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Schizophrenia

Disorder with delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.

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Psychotic Disorders

Disorders with irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

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Hallucination

False sensory experiences without external stimuli.

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Delusion

False belief, often accompanying psychotic disorders.

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Chronic Schizophrenia

Form of schizophrenia with symptoms appearing in late adolescence.

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Acute Schizophrenia

Form of schizophrenia beginning at any age, often in response to trauma.

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Somatic Symptom Disorder

Disorder with physical symptoms without apparent cause.

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Conversion Disorder

Disorder with physical symptoms not compatible with recognized conditions.

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Illness Anxiety Disorder

Disorder interpreting normal sensations as disease symptoms.

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Dissociative Disorders

Rare disorders with conscious awareness separation from memories and feelings.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

Rare disorder with two or more distinct personalities.

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Personality Disorders

Enduring behavior patterns impairing social functioning.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

Personality disorder with lack of conscience for wrongdoing.

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Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder with starvation diet despite being underweight.

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Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder with binge eating followed by weight-loss behaviors.

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Binge-Eating Disorder

Significant binge-eating episodes without compensatory behaviors.

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Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques for overcoming difficulties or achieving growth

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Biomedical therapy

Therapy using medications or procedures affecting physiology directly

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Eclectic approach

Therapeutic approach combining techniques from various therapies

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Psychoanalysis

Freud's technique using free associations, dreams, and transferences for insight

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Resistance

Blocking anxiety-laden material from consciousness in psychoanalysis

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Interpretation

Analyst's noting dream meanings and resistances to promote insight

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Transference

Patient transferring emotions linked with other relationships to the analyst

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Psychodynamic therapy

Derives from psychoanalytic tradition, enhancing self-insight

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Insight therapies

Aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing awareness of motives

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Client-centered therapy

Therapist uses active listening in an empathic environment for growth

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Active listening

Empathic listening where the listener echoes and clarifies

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Unconditional positive regard

Nonjudgmental attitude aiding self-awareness and acceptance

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Behavior therapy

Applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors

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Counterconditioning

Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to triggers

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Exposure therapies

Treat anxieties by exposing people to feared situations

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Systematic desensitization

Associates relaxation with anxiety-triggering stimuli to treat phobias

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Virtual reality exposure therapy

Treats anxiety through simulations of feared situations

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Aversive conditioning

Associates unpleasant state with unwanted behavior

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Token economy

Operant conditioning where tokens are exchanged for privileges

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Cognitive therapy

Teaches adaptive thinking based on thoughts influencing emotions

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Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Challenges illogical attitudes and assumptions

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Integrative therapy combining cognitive and behavior therapy

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Group therapy

Therapy conducted with groups for interaction benefits

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Family therapy

Treats individuals in the context of family dynamics

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Meta-analysis

Statistical procedure combining results from different studies

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Evidence-based practice

Integrates research, expertise, and patient preferences for clinical decisions

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Therapeutic alliance

Trust bond between therapist and client for constructive problem-solving

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Psychopharmacology

Study of drug effects on mind and behavior

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Antipsychotic drugs

Treat severe thought disorders like schizophrenia

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Antianxiety drugs

Control anxiety and agitation

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Antidepressant drugs

Treat depression, anxiety, and PTSD

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Brief electric current for severe depression

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Repeated magnetic pulses to stimulate or suppress brain activity

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Psychosurgery

Surgery altering brain tissue to change behavior

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Lobotomy

Procedure cutting nerves to control emotions

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Resilience

Personal strength coping with stress and adversity

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Posttraumatic growth

Positive changes from struggling with challenging circumstances