Introduction to Cell and Molecular Biology

A series of vocabulary flashcards relevant to key concepts in cell and molecular biology, aimed at aiding memory retention and exam preparation.

Cell and Molecular Biology

The study of cells and macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) that define their structure and function.

Cytology

The branch of biology that studies cells, their physiological properties, structure, organelles, and life cycles.

Cell Theory

The concept that all living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units of life.

Protoplasm

The fluid substance of a cell, first coined by Jan Evangelista Purkinje in 1839 and observed by Felix Dujardin as sarcode.

Microscope

An instrument that magnifies small objects, pivotal in the discovery of cells by Robert Hooke.

Nucleoid

The region within prokaryotic cells where genetic material resides; lacks a nuclear envelope.

Plasmid

A small circular double-stranded DNA molecule found in some prokaryotes, often involved in antibiotic resistance.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell characterized by a double membrane system enclosing the nucleus and organelles, more complex than prokaryotic cells.

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, involved in energy production, and contain their own DNA.

Prokaryotic Cell

The simplest and most primitive type of cell, lacking a nucleus and organelles, includes bacteria and archaea.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA, allowing for large quantities to be produced.

Gene Therapy

An experimental procedure aimed at correcting or replacing defective genes responsible for disease development.

Human Genome Project

An international scientific research project focused on mapping all human genes and determining their functions.

Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA, the first step in gene expression.

Translation

The process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins according to the sequences of RNA.

Cell Division

The process by which a cell divides to form two daughter cells; includes mitosis and meiosis.