Incomplete: Human Bio Unit 3

Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Nervous System, Endocrine System

respiratory system; ventilation; inspiration; expiration

The _____ is responsible for the process of _____ (breathing), which includes _____ and _____.

respiratory system

Organ system consisting of the lungs and tubes that bring oxygen into the lungs and take carbon dioxide out

inspiration

During ____, or inhalation (breathing in), air is conducted from the atmosphere to the lungs by a series of cavities, tubes, and openings.

expiration

During _____, or exhalation (breathing out), air is conducted from the lungs to the atmosphere through cavities, tubes, and openings.

ventilation

Process of moving air into and out of the lungs; also called breathing

cardiovascular system; transport

The respiratory system works with the _____ to participate in homeostasis by external respiration, _____ of gases to and from the lungs and tissues, and internal respiration.

external; internal

_____ respiration is the exchange of gases between air and the blood and _____ respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid. What

the nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx

What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?

nasal cavities

The _____ filter, warm, and moisten the air entering the respiratory tract.

pharynx

The _____, commonly referred to as the throat, is a funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx.

the pharynx

Serves as a passageway for food and also air on its way to the trachea

mucous membranes

The nasal cavities are lined with _____, which help trap particles and move them to the pharynx, where they can be swallowed or expectorated by coughing or spitting.

submucosa

Under the mucous layer of the nasal cavities is the _____, which contains lots of capillaries that help warm and moisten the incoming air.

nosebleeds

The abundance of capillaries in the submucosa also makes us susceptible to _____ if the nose suffers and injury.

tear; nose

The _____ glands drain into the nasal cavities by way of tear ducts. When you cry, your _____ runs as tears drain from the eye surface into the nose.

sinuses; pressure

The nasal cavities also connect with the _____ (cavities) of the skull. At times, fluid may accumulate in these sinuses, causing an increase in _____, resulting in a sinus headache.

eustachian tubes; equalizes

Connected to the nasopharynx are tubes called auditory tubes (also called _____) that connect to the middle ear. When air pressure inside the middle ears _____ with the air pressure in the nasopharynx, the auditory tube openings ay create a “popping” sensation.

tonsils

The _____ made of lymphoid tissue, form a protective ring at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx; defense against pathogens

epiglottis

The _____ blocks entry of food into the lower respiratory tract.

larynx

The _____ is a cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea.

glottis

The slit between the vocal cords is called the:

voice box; vocal cords

The larynx is also called the _____, because it houses the _____.

trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

The lower respiratory tract consists of the:

trachea

The _____, commonly called the windpipe, connects the larynx to the primary bronchi.

collapsing; expand

The walls of the trachea consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle reinforced by C-shaped cartilaginous rings which prevent the trachea from _____ and allow the esophagus to _____ when swallowing.

goblet; ciliated

The trachea is lined with _____ cells and _____ cells.

mucus

The goblet cells produce _____, which traps debris from the air as it passes through the trachea. Mucus is then swept away from the lungs and toward the pharynx by the cilia.

tracheostomy

An operation if the trachea is blocked where a breathing tube is inserted by way of an incision made in the trachea.

bronchioles

The bronchi enter the lungs and branch into smaller _____.

bronchi

The trachea divides into right and left primary ____, which lead into the right and left lungs.

contract

During an asthma attack, the smooth muscle of the bronchioles _____.

alveoli

Each bronchiole leads to an elongated space enclosed by a multitude of air pocket, or sacs, called _____.

surfactant

Alveoli are lined with a _____ that prevents them from closing.

bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

The lungs are made up of:

three; two

The right lung has _____ lobes, and the left lung has _____ lobes, allowing room for the heart.

pleurae

Each lung is enclosed by a membrane called _____ (sing. pleura).

gas exchange

______ occurs between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries.

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

The lungs collapse in some newborn babies who lack surfactant.

inspiration and expiration

Ventilation has two phases:

thoracic cavity; rib cage; intercostal muscles; diaphragm

The lungs lie within the sealed _____ _____. The _____ _____ forms the top and sides of the thoracic cavity. The _____ _____ lie between the ribs. The _____ and connective tissues form the floor of the thoracic cavity.

pleura

The lungs adhere to the thoracic wall by way of the _____.

inspiration; contract

_____ is the active phase of ventilation; the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles _____.

diaphragm; outward

In its relaxed state, the _____ is dome-shaped. During inspiration, it contracts and becomes a flattened sheet of muscle. Also, the external intercostal muscles contract, causing the rib cage to move upward and _____.

expiration; relax; inward

_____ is the passive phase of breathing, and no effort is required to bring it about. During expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles _____. The rib cage returns to its resting position, moving down and _____.

nerve

The respiratory control center automatically sends out _____ signals to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles of the rib cage, causing inspiration to occur. When the respiratory center stops sending nerve signals to the diaphragm and the rib cage, the muscles relax and expiration occurs.

sudden infant death syndrome

_____ is where an infant under one year of age is put to bed seemingly healthy, and sometimes while sleeping the child stops breathing.

pH

CO2 enters the blood, where it combines with water, forming an acid that breaks down and gives off hydrogen ions (H+). These hydrogen ions can change the _____ of blood.

chemoreceptors

_____ are sensory receptors in the body that are sensitive to the chemical composition of blood.

speed up

Two sets of chemoreceptors sensitive to pH can cause breathing to _____ _____.

medulla oblongata; carotid bodies; aortic bodies

One set of chemoreceptors is set in the _____ _____ of the brain stem and the other set is the _____ _____, located in the carotid arteries, and _____ _____, located in the aorta.

acidic; increases; CO2

When the pH of blood becomes more _____ (decreases), the respiratory center _____ the rate and depth of breathing to remove _____ from the blood; and the breathing rate returns to normal.

accumulating; decreasing

When you hold your breath, CO2 begins _____ in the blood. Blood becomes more acidic, _____ pH. The respiratory center, stimulated by the chemoreceptors, reads “too much CO2”, overriding the voluntary inhibition of respiration and breathing resumes.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

The primary function of the respiratory system is to allow _____ from the atmosphere to enter the body and _____ _____ to exit the body.

cardiovascular

In order to transport gases throughout the body, the respiratory system works with the _____ system.

external; internal

The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air and the blood is called ______ respiration, and the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid is called _____ respiration.

ATP

Gas exchange with the environment is necessary to the process of cellular respiration, which produces stored cellular energy in the form of _____ that is required for many cellular functions.

inspiration

air moves through a series of cavities, tubes, and openings; air is brought in from the atmosphere to the lungs; also known as inhalation:

expiration

air moves through a series of cavities, tubes, and openings; air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere; also known as exhalation:

the nose

mostly lined with mucous membranes that trap dust; lined at the openings with stiff hairs that act as screening devices; warms and moistens incoming air via capillaries in the submucosa:

the pharynx

bounded on ones end by the tonsils, which are the primary defense during breathing; a funnel-shaped passageway connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the “voice box”:

the larynx

houses the vocal chords; a cartilaginous structure between the “throat” and the trachea; Structure moves up against epiglottis when food is swallowed to prevent passage of food into it:

the trachea

connects the larynx to the primary bronchi; structures within it produce mucus which traps debris; walls of connective tissue and smooth muscle reinforced by C-shaped cartilaginous rings; contracts during coughing, expelling mucus and foreign objects

the bronchial tree

continues to branch into bronchioles; branches lead to the right and left lung; constriction occurs here during an asthma attack

the lungs

paired, cone-shaped organs in the chest cavity; enclosed by pleura, held together by surface tension; one is found on either side of the trachea

bronchial tree, trachea, lungs

Which structures are part of the lower respiratory tract?

pleura

Each lung is converted by a thin serious membrane called a _____; a similar membrane covers the internal chest wall and diaphragm.

surface tension

Both membranes produce a lubricating serous fluid, and _____ _____ between water molecules holds them together.

alveoli

With each inhalation, air asses by way of the respiratory passageways into tiny air pockets called _____, which are made up of simple squamous epithelium and surrounded by capillaries.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Gas exchange occurs between the air in an alveolus and the blood in the capillaries; _____ diffuse across the alveolar and capillary walls to enter the bloodstream, while _____ _____ diffuses from the blood across these walls to enter the alveoli.

up; decreases; into the lungs; contracts

During inspiration, the rib cage moves _____, pressure in the lungs _____, and air is pushed ______ _____ ______. The diaphragm ______ and moves down.

down; increases; out of the lungs; relaxes

During expiration, the rib cage moves _____, pressure in the lungs _____, and air is pushed _____ ______ _____ _____. The diaphragm _____ and moves up.

vital capacity

The maximum value of air that can be moved in plus the maximum volume that can be moved out during a single breath is the _____ _____.

tidal volume

When we are relaxed, a small amount of air moves in and out with each breath. the amount of air, called the _____ _____, is normally only about 500 ml.

residual volume

After a very deep exhalation, some air (about 1 mL) remains in the lungs; this is termed the _____ _____. this air is not useful for gas exchange because the oxygen content has been depleted.

inspiratory reserve volume

You can increase inspiration by not only expanding the chest but also lowering the diaphragm. this type of forced inspiration usually increases the volume of inhaled air beyond the tidal volume, and that amount is called the _____ _____ _____.

internal intercostal

The expiratory reserve volume occurs when the amount of air you exhale by contracting the abdominal and _____ _____ muscles is drastically increased.

alveoli

In an average adult, only about 70% of the tidal volume actually reaches the _____; 30% remains in the airways. to ensure that a large portion of inhaled air reaches the lungs, it is better to breathe slowly and deeply.

medulla oblongata; inspiration

Ventilation rhythm is controlled by a respiratory control center in the _____ _____, which automatically sends signals to the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage that caused _____ to occur.

automatic; brreathing

Though mostly an _____ process, we can change our _____ patterns to accommodate activities like singing or eating, breathing in with what is called forced inspiration.

pneumonia

alveoli fill with pus and fluid making gas exchange difficult

pulmonary fibrosis

connective tissue builds up in lungs, reducing their elasticity

pulmonary tuberculosis

tubercles encapsulate bacteria and elasticity of lungs is reduced

emphysema

alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces; surface area for gas exchange is reduced

asthma

airways are inflamed due to irritation, and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasms

bronchitis

airways are inflamed due to infection or irritation; coughing brings up mucus and pus

filter out pathogens

The upper respiratory tract is susceptible to many viral and bacterial infections because it functions to _____ _____ ______.

virus

The common cold is an infection caused by a _____ and is characterized by sneezing, a runny nose, and a mild fever.

antibiotics

Colds usually last from a few days to a week, and _____ are not effective against the pathogens and symptoms of colds.

tonsils

Also as part of the upper respiratory tract, the _____ located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx can get inflamed and enlarged when infected.

larynx

When the _____ gets inflamed, the voice gets hoarse or even inaudible.

acute bronchitis

Infections that reach the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract can result in _____ _____, or short-term inflammation of the bronchi.

chronic bronchitis

If the inciting cause is not removed, _____ _____ can develop.

COPD

Both the disorder and emphysema are the leading cause of _____, marked by extreme difficulty breathing and susceptibility to infection.

alveoli

Emphysema is a(n) incurable lung disorder that cause the _____ to become misshapen and damaged, preventing efficient gas exchange.

pneumonia

Viral, fungal, or bacterial infections of the lungs results in _____, marked by fluid or pus buildup in the bronchi and alveoli, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

bacterium

The disease tuberculosis also affects the lungs and is caused by an infection of a _____ called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

lung

Smoking is a leading cause of chronic bronchitis and _____ cancer.

increased

Lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer as a cause of death in women, and its recent increase in incidence is directly related to ______ numbers of women that smoke.

bronchi

Lung cancer, first evident by the thickening and callusing of the cells lining the _____, can progress to the point at which a lobe or lung must be removed.

metastasis

If _____ occurs, spreading the cancer to tissues beyond the lungs, chemotherapy and radiation treatment are required.