AP World Unit 3

Ottoman Empire: Dardanelles

• Strait/waterways

• Enabled Euro + Middle East expansion

• Gateway/barrier to Constantinople

• Economic profit via taxing

Ottoman Empire: Devshrime

• Enslaved Christian boys from Balkan region trained to be elite military troops (janissaries)

Ottoman Empire: Mehmed II/Mehmed the Conqueror

• Captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul using gunpowder weapons

Ottoman Empire: Suleiman the Magnificent

• Captured Hungary + Syria + Egypt + parts of the Middle East

What sect of Islam did the Ottoman Empire practice?

• Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam

• Sect of Islam where leaders do not have to be blood related to Prophet Muhammand

Safavid Empire: Shah Ismail

• Founder of Safavid Empire

• Made Twelver Shiism the state religion

• Ruled via divine right

Safavid Empire: Twelver Shiism

• 12 infallible Imams (leaders in prayer) after Muhammad’s death, ex: Ali

Safavid Empire: Qizilbash

• Red hat for warriors to wear that had 12 pleats on it for each imam

What sect of Islam did the Safavid Empire practice?

• Shia/Shiite Islam

Shia Islam

• Sect of Islam where leaders do have to blood related to Prophet Muhammand

Safavid Empire: Shah Abbas the Great

• Moved capital to Isfahan

  • Encouraged trade + reformed bureaucracy + incorporated slaves into military + recruited Euro advisors for military + increased access to gunpowder weapons

What sect of Islam did the Mughal Empire practice?

• Sunni Islam

Mughal Empire: Babur

• Founder of the Mughal Empire

• Descendant of Tamerlane

• Used gunpowder weapons to defeat the Delhi Sultanate to establish Mughal Empire

Mughal Empire: Akbar the Great

• Babur’s grandson

• Expanded via military conquest + centralizing the government

• Religious tolerance

Mughal Empire: Aurangzeb

• Followed Akbar the Great

• Religious intolerance

• Reimposed the jizya tax (tax for non Muslims in exchange for protection)

• Destroyed Hindu temples

Qing/Manchu Dynasty: What ethnic group founded it?

• The Manchu from the north founded it following the Ming Dynasty

Qing/Manchu Dynasty: Continuity

• Continued the Civil Service Exam from Ming Dynasty

Qing/Manchu Dynasty: Change

• Used gunpowder to conquer Taiwan + Tibet + Xinjiang + Mongolia

• Banned interracial marriage between Manchu leaders (minority) and ethnically Han (majority) to maintain distinction

What battle started the Ottoman-Safavid conflict?

• The Battle of Chaldiran

What was the Ottoman-Safavid conflict over?

• Control of Mesopotamia

Why was Mesopotamia significant in the Ottoman-Safavid conflict?

• Bufferzone

• Had Baghdad

• Fertile soil

• Linked trade routes

Who won the Ottoman-Safavid conflict and how?

• Ottomans won with better gunpowder weapons

What was the Safavid-Mughal conflict over?

• Territorial claims over Afghanistan

Why was Afghanistan significant in the Safavid-Mughal conflict?

• Bufferzone due to its mountains making it hard to conquer

• Gateway to India

• Linked major trade routes

Tensions between the Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire

• Akbar of Mughal Empire (religious tolerance) wanted peaceful relations, Safavid leaders wanted to push Shia Islam

• Tensions increased with Aurangzeb (religious intolerance)

Who won the Safavid-Mughal conflict?

• There was no clear winner, instability continued

What was the Songhai-Moroccan conflict over?

• Territory + resources/trade routes

What was the significance of the Songhai Empire?

• Songhai Empire controlled routes connecting Sub Saharan Africa + North Africa + Mediterranean

  • Access to gold + salt mines

Who won the Songhai-Moroccan conflict and how?

• Morocco defeated Songhai despite their smaller army because they had better gunpowder weapons

Effects of the collapse of the Songhai Empire

• Political fragmentation in West Africa = disruption of trans-Saharan trade

• Shift towards maritime/sea trade via Atlantic Ocean

How did many land based gunpowder empires become dependent on Europe?

• They bought their gunpowder weapons from Europe

• Never formed their own gunpowder weapon industries

How did land based gunpowder empires decline?

• Expansion + conflict = expensive = unable to support institutions financially + buy new weapons = outdated military + less competitive = decline

Why couldn’t Europe use their gunpowder weapons to gain global power in this time period?

• Lots of internal conflict and decentralized states

What happened with the decline of these land based gunpowder empires and the (eventually) modernizing/improving Europe?

• Shift in global power

Categories of administration that legitimized power

• Religion

• Art

• Architecture

Categories of administration that consolidated power

• Taxation

• Bureaucracy

• Military

Bureaucracy in the Ottoman Empire - Devshrime system

• Loyalty to ruler/sultan

• Christian boys converted to Islam then trained to be elite warriors

• Provided with better education so they can serve in bureaucracy

Bureaucracy in Qing Dynasty China - Civil Service exam

• Competitive so created a meritocracy

• Helped Manchu minority rulers rule over Han Chinese majority

Bureaucracy in Japan - Tokugawa Bakufu (post Sengoku/civil war era)

• Shoguns/military governors wanted to unify + control daimyo (territorial lords that had contact with Euros + access to gunpowder weapons)

  • Alternate Attendance at Edo - daimyo required to live with families in Edo and spent every other year at Tokugawa court, limited their power

Military professionalism in the Ottoman Empire

• Janissaries/elite military troops from devshirme system became loyal to ottoman Sultan - centralized + consolidated military power

Religion in administration - Europe

• Euro monarchs ruled via divine right (God put them on Earth to rule)

• Disobeying king = disobeying god

• No due process = consolidated power

Religion in administration - Islamic states

• Sharia law

• Jizya tax for protection as a non muslim (referred to as dhimmi)

Religion in Administration - Hindu States

• Vijayanagara empire

• Caste system (rigid social system that limited upward mobility)

Religion in administration - Americas

• Aztecs - human sacrifice of criminals + war prisoners

• Incas - Emperors ruling via Divine Right of the Sun God

Art + Architecture in administration - Incas

• Sun Temple

Art + Architecture in administration - Qing Dynasty China

• Emperor Kangxi displaying posters of himself practicing confucian values to win over the Han chinese people

• Early form of propaganda

Art + architecture in administration - France

• King Louis XIV’s palace of Versailles

Revenue internally through taxation - Ottoman Empire

• Tax farming

  • Bidding for the right to tax, money would come from private investors rather than the gov

• Jizya tax

Revenue internally through taxation - Mughal Empire

• Zamindar tax system

  • Local Hindu elites collecting taxes from Hindu elites collecting taxes from Hindu populations for the Muslim rulers

• Jizya tax

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

• Corruption in the Church

  • Simony - selling positions in the Church

  • Indulgences - money in exchange for forgiveness of Sins

  • Printing press - allowed Martin Luther’s ideas to spread faster

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

• Christian sects emerging (Calvinism + Anglicanism)

• Political fragmentation

Catholic Counter-Reformation

• Council of Trent

• Distinguish true Christian practices from heretical

  • Heretic - opposing the Catholic Church

    • Galileo considered a heretic because of his heliocentric theory (sun is in the center of the universe/earth revolves around the sun) contradicted the popular geocentric theory (sun revolves around the earth)

Effects of the Thirty Years’ War

• Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war + resulted in politically independent states that no longer operated directly under the pope with “new monarchs”

Absoute Monarchy

• Divine right

• Absolute rule - citizens had little to no representation in government

Absolute monarchy in France

• King Louis XIV

• French absolutism + Palace of Versailles

Absolute monarchy in Spain

• Fernando + Isabel

• Spanish Inquisition - targeted heretical actions + suppressed other religions

Constitutional Government

• Paved way for democratic developments

• Constitution - set of laws government must operate by

Example of a constitutional government

• English Bill of Rights - Limited power of monarch

  • Could not impose taxes without Parliament consent, free election in Parliament, protected freedom of speech, subjects have the right to petition the king

How does the split of Islam continue to influence the Islamic world?

• Split after Prophet Muhammand died

• Safavid empire (Shia) + Ottoman Empire (Sunni) = conflict

• Theological differences still a source of conflict

Bhakti movment

• Emphasized personal devotion + mystical experience + emotional worship of one of Hinduism’s gods

Sikhism

• Blend of Hinduism (reincarnation) + Islam (monotheism), rejected caste system