Exam 4

Science

Attempt to find order in nature's patterns.

Observation

Initial step in scientific inquiry process.

Pattern

Repeated observation leading to predictable outcomes.

Scientific Law

Describes consistent patterns, answers 'what happens'.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter is neither created nor destroyed chemically.

Scientific Hypothesis

Proposed explanation for observed phenomena.

Testing Hypotheses

Experiments validate or reject proposed explanations.

Pass Outcome

Increases confidence in the tested hypothesis.

Fail Outcome

Disproves hypothesis; requires rejection or revision.

Scientific Theory

Well-supported explanation after rigorous testing.

Why Question

Explains reasons behind observed phenomena.

Experimentation

Process of testing hypotheses through controlled methods.

Rigorous Tests

Multiple experiments validating a hypothesis over time.

Scientific Process

Sequence: Observation, Pattern, Hypothesis, Experimentation, Theory.

Gravity

Natural phenomenon explaining attraction between masses.

Rubber Band Example

Illustrates testing and rejection of silly hypotheses.

Confidence Building

Many successful tests strengthen hypothesis validity.

Unbreakable Laws

Scientific laws are factual and universally applicable.

Intellectually Interesting

Why questions provoke deeper scientific inquiry.

Data Collection

Organizing observations to identify patterns in nature.

Natural Phenomenon

Observable events explained by scientific theories.

Hypothesis

Initial educated guess requiring testing for validation.

Testing

Process of evaluating a hypothesis multiple times.

Absolute Proof

Science does not provide absolute proof of theories.

Updated Theories

Theories can change with new contradicting evidence.

Consensus Science

Widely accepted theories with extensive testing support.

Conservation of Matter

Example of consensus science, stable and reliable.

Frontier Science

Emerging ideas still undergoing testing and validation.

Public Perception

Misunderstanding due to focus on new, unproven science.

FDA Role

Evaluates drug testing data for public safety approval.

Drug Testing Process

Sequence from tissue samples to human clinical trials.

Animal Testing

Uses rats, mice, and primates for drug efficacy.

Clinical Trials

Final testing phase involving human volunteers.

Ethical Concerns

Exclusion of vulnerable groups from early trials.

Informed Consent

Requirement for volunteers in clinical trials.

Public Trust

Can diminish due to ineffective new treatments.

Medical Headlines

Often focus on new, unverified medical discoveries.

Consensus vs. Frontier

Consensus is stable; frontier is uncertain and evolving.

Testing Confidence

Theories gain confidence through repeated successful testing.

Public Misunderstanding

Results from media emphasis on frontier science.

Second Life Concern

Ethical issue in trials involving pregnant women.

Thalidomide

Drug causing severe birth defects in pregnancy.

FDA Approval

Regulatory process ensuring drug safety before market.

Birth Defects

Physical malformations occurring during fetal development.

Drug Interactions

Effects when two or more drugs are combined.

Contraindications

Situations where a drug should not be used.

Prescription Information

Details provided with medication about usage and risks.

Off-label Uses

Using a drug for unapproved medical conditions.

Pregnancy Warnings

Cautions regarding drug effects on pregnant women.

Ethical Oversight

Monitoring to ensure ethical standards in drug testing.

Technology

Products and processes designed to improve life.

Scientific Knowledge

Understanding of natural phenomena through research.

Laser

Light amplification technology developed from scientific theories.

Manufacturing Processes

Methods used to produce goods efficiently.

Caution in Drug Approval

Need for careful review to prevent harm.

Morning Sickness

Nausea experienced by pregnant women, often treated.

Effective Drug Use

Drugs that work well in specific medical contexts.

Thalidomide Today

Reintroduced for specific conditions with strict guidelines.

Vulnerable Populations

Groups at higher risk during medical treatments.

Testing Process

Evaluation phase for drug safety and efficacy.

Science and Technology

Interconnected fields of knowledge and practical application.

Power Measurement

Measured by cutting through razor blades per minute.

Medical Surgery

Uses lasers for precise cutting and cauterization.

Surveying

High accuracy distance and direction measurements.

Space Exploration

Lasers measure moon's distance to millimeters.

Laser Pointers

Used in presentations and as toys for cats.

Barcode Scanners

Read product IDs using red laser technology.

Optical Mouse

Detects movement using surface irregularities with lasers.

CDs and DVDs

Use lasers to read data encoded on discs.

Blu-ray Technology

Utilizes blue lasers for higher data storage capacity.

Burning CDs

Involves high-powered lasers to create readable marks.

Everyday Devices

Found in electronics, cars, and fitness wearables.

Entertainment Uses

Lasers create light shows and holiday decorations.

Patent

Legal protection for inventors of new creations.

Patent Infringement

Using a patented invention without permission.

Patent Process

Inventors file descriptions for legal ownership rights.

Royalties

Payments to inventors for using their patented inventions.

Living Organisms Patent

Legal question on patenting life forms.

Selective Breeding

Choosing specific plants or animals for desired traits.

Willow Bark

Natural painkiller leading to aspirin development.

Albert Einstein

First job as a patent inspector in Austria.

Domesticated Animals

Animals altered through selective breeding for human use.

Evolutionary Pressure

Natural selection influenced by human preferences.

Modern Genetic Modification

Scientific alteration of organisms' DNA.

Genetic Engineering

Direct modification of an organism's DNA.

Mendel's Discovery

Foundation of inheritance principles in genetics.

DNA Structure

Coiled molecule containing genetic information.

Genes

DNA segments that encode protein synthesis.

Proteins

Molecules performing essential functions in organisms.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins determined by genes.

Genetic Similarity

Most genes are conserved across all life forms.

Human Gene Similarity

Humans share 99.9% of genes among individuals.

Human Genome Project

Initiative to map all human genes.

DNA Sequencing

Determining the order of nucleotides in DNA.

Genetic Scissors

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites.

Bt Corn

Corn genetically modified to produce insecticide.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacterium used for its insecticidal properties.

Natural Pesticide

Substance derived from nature to control pests.

Insecticide Gene

Gene inserted into corn for pest resistance.

Crop Protection

Methods to safeguard crops from pests.