Chapter 6: Bone and Cartilage Anatomy Review

These flashcards cover key concepts regarding bone and cartilage anatomy, including types of bone, their functions, structure, bone remodeling processes, and associated disorders.

Hyaline cartilage

The most abundant skeletal cartilage, including articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilages.

Elastic cartilage

More flexible than hyaline cartilage, located in the external ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage that can withstand pressure and stretch, found in the knee cartilages and intervertebral discs.

Perichondrium

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds skeletal cartilages.

Support

Function of bones providing a framework for the body.

Protection

Function of bones that shield vital organs, such as the brain.

Anchorage

Function of bones where skeletal muscles attach using tendons.

Mineral storage

Function of bones storing essential minerals, mainly calcium and phosphate.

Blood cell formation

Process called hematopoiesis that occurs within red bone marrow.

Triglyceride storage

Function of bones storing fat in yellow bone marrow.

Osteocalcin

Hormone produced by bones that helps regulate insulin secretion.

Axial skeleton

The part of the skeleton consisting of 80 bones, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular skeleton

The part of the skeleton consisting of 126 bones in the upper and lower limbs and girdles.

Long bones

Bones that are longer than they are wide, including all limb bones except patellas and wrist/ankle bones.

Short bones

Cube-shaped bones that include carpals, tarsals, and patellas.

Flat bones

Thin, flattened bones, often curved, such as those in the skull, sternum, scapulae, and ribs.

Irregular bones

Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into any other category, like vertebrae and hip bones.

Compact bone

Dense outer layer of bone appearing smooth and solid.

Spongy bone

Inner layer of bone consisting of needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae.

Trabeculae

Flat pieces forming the sponge-like structure of spongy bone.

Diaphysis

The tubular shaft of a long bone, surrounding the medullary cavity.

Epiphyses

Ends of long bones consisting of internal spongy bone and external compact bone.

Articular cartilage

Thin layer of cartilage covering the ends of bones where they form joints.

Periosteum

A connective tissue membrane covering the external surface of bones.

Endosteum

A connective tissue membrane lining the internal surface of bones.

Nutrient foramen

Opening in the diaphysis allowing blood vessels and nerves to supply the bone.

Red bone marrow

Hematopoietic tissue located in the trabecular cavities of spongy bone.

Yellow bone marrow

Fat storage tissue found in the medullary cavity of long bones.

Bone markings

Features on bones that serve as attachment sites for tendons and ligaments, or for forming joints.

Osteoprogenitor cells

Bone stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Cells that secrete bone matrix and are involved in bone formation.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Cells involved in bone resorption and remodeling.

Osteon

Structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric tubes called lamellae.

Central canal

Canal running through the center of each osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves.

Lacunae

Small spaces housing osteocytes, found at the junctions of lamellae.

Canaliculi

Hair-like channels connecting lacunae to each other and to the central canal.

Circumferential lamellae

Lamellae found just beneath the periosteum extending around the entire circumference of the bone.

Interstitial lamellae

Lamellae that lie between intact osteons, filling the spaces in between.

Organic components of bone

Include cells and osteoid that provide flexibility and tensile strength.

Inorganic components of bone

Comprise 65% of bone mass, mainly calcium phosphates for hardness.

Growth hormone

Hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulating epiphyseal plate activity during childhood.

Estrogen and testosterone

Hormones that promote growth spurts and influence bone growth during puberty.

Bone remodeling

Process involving bone resorption and deposition to maintain bone strength and calcium homeostasis.

Osteoporosis

Bone disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk.

Osteomalacia

A condition where bones are inadequately mineralized, leading to soft bones.

Rickets

Adverse condition in children characterized by inadequately mineralized bones.

Paget’s disease

Bone disorder characterized by excessive and disorganized bone remodeling.