Chapter 5 Tissues (Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Nervous)

Flashcards covering Week 3 notes on tissues: epithelial subtypes and classifications, glands, connective tissue (cells, fibers, and varieties), membranes, and muscle/nervous tissues.

What is the study of tissues called?

Histology

Tissues are a group of similar cells with a common ___?

Function

Name the four major tissue types.

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Epithelial tissue has what primary functions? (List at least two)

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and lining/body surface formation (glands)

Where is epithelial tissue located?

Body surfaces, covers organs, lines hollow organs, forms glands

What are the three main intercellular junctions?

Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions

Simple squamous epithelium: location and function

Location: air sacs of lungs (and other thin membranes); Function: diffusion and filtration

Simple cuboidal epithelium: location and function

Location: ducts and tubules; Function: secretion and absorption

Simple columnar epithelium: location and function (any special cells?)

Location: lining of stomach and intestines; Function: secretion and absorption; Goblet cells present in some areas

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: location and function

Location: respiratory tract; Function: secretion and movement of mucus via cilia (mucociliary escalator)

Stratified squamous epithelium: location and function

Location: oral cavity, vagina, anal canal; Function: protection

Stratified cuboidal epithelium: location and function

Location: ducts of glands; Function: protection

Stratified columnar epithelium: location and function

Location: male urethra and ducts of exocrine glands; Function: protection and secretion

Transitional epithelium: location and function

Location: bladder, ureters, part of urethra; Function: stretching and changing shape (permeability)

Glandular epithelium: two main gland types

Endocrine and Exocrine glands

Endocrine vs Exocrine glands: how do they differ?

Endocrine glands secrete into tissue fluid or blood; Exocrine glands secrete into ducts onto surfaces

Unicellular vs Multicellular glands: examples

Unicellular: goblet cell; Multicellular: sweat glands, etc.

Structural classifications of exocrine glands: duct and secretory part shapes

Ducts can be simple or compound; secretory parts can be tubular or alveolar (tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar)

3 types of glandular secretion

Merocrine (secret fluid); Apocrine (part of cell released); Holocrine (entire cell released)

Connective tissue categories: two main groups

Connective tissue proper and Specialized connective tissue

Functions of connective tissues

Bind structures, provide support and protection, store fat, produce red blood cells, defend against infections

Three common fixed cells in connective tissue proper

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast cells

The three connective tissue fibers

Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers

Collagen fibers: characteristics and location

Thick, strong fibers; found in ligaments and tendons

Elastic fibers: characteristics and location

Provide elasticity; found in skin, blood vessels, lungs

Reticular fibers: characteristics and location

Branch-like fibers forming delicate support networks; found in spleen and liver

Areolar connective tissue: description and location

Very loose/unorganized; many fibroblasts; contains collagen and elastic fibers; found in the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Adipose tissue: function

Stores fat in adipocytes; protects organs; provides insulation

Dense connective tissue: general feature

Very strong; poor blood supply; heals slowly; found in ligaments and tendons

Dense regular vs dense irregular connective tissue

Dense regular: collagen fibers parallel in one direction; Dense irregular: collagen fibers in multiple directions

Dense elastic connective tissue: location and function

Found in walls of hollow organs and arteries; allows stretch

Reticular connective tissue: function and location

Forms delicate networks; supports walls of liver and spleen; supports organs

Specialized connective tissue: Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Cartilage, bone, and blood are specialized connective tissues

Cartilage lacks blood supply; how does it heal?

Lacks blood supply; heals slowly

Cartilage types and key features

Hyaline (most common; ends of bones, nose, respiratory passages); Elastic (external ear, larynx); Fibrocartilage (knee, intervertebral discs)

Hyaline cartilage: location and features

Most common; found at ends of bones in joints, nose, respiratory passages; lacunae present

Elastic cartilage: location

External ear and larynx

Fibrocartilage: location and features

Knee and intervertebral discs; tough and resistant to compression

Bone: two main types and key features

Compact and spongy bone; osteons in compact bone; trabeculae in spongy bone; bone marrow produces blood cells

Osteon: what is it?

Cylindrical unit in compact bone containing a central canal with blood vessels and nerves

Blood as connective tissue: components

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets; transports gases and other substances

Membranes: four major types

Serous, Mucous, Cutaneous, Synovial

Cutaneous membrane: what is it?

Covers body surface; the skin

Serous membranes: function and location

Line closed body cavities and cover organs; secrete serous fluid to reduce friction

Mucous membranes: location and features

Line digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts; contain goblet cells that secrete mucus

Synovial membranes: location and composition

Line joint cavities; composed of connective tissue

Nervous tissue components

Neurons and Neuroglia (supporting cells); neurons conduct impulses; neuroglia support and protect neurons

Nervous tissue locations

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?

Neurons and Neuroglia

Skeletal muscle tissue: appearance and control

Striated; attached to bone; voluntary control

Cardiac muscle tissue: features

Found only in the heart; striated; involuntary; has intercalated discs

Smooth muscle tissue: location and control

Walls of hollow organs and blood vessels; non-striated; involuntary

Intercalated discs: which tissue are they in?

Cardiac muscle tissue; specialized junctions between cells

Basic epithelial classifications: shapes and layers

Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar; Layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Goblet cells: what are they and where are they found?

Unicellular mucus-secreting glands; found in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia

Mucociliary escalator: what is it and where?

Cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract that trap and move dust outward