anaphy lab 1

Skeletal System

provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue

Muscular System

produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

Nervous System

detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

Endocrine System

influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions

Cardiovascular System

transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body

Lymphatic System

removes foreign substances from the blood

Respiratory System

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

Digestive System

performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion

Urinary System

removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH

Organization

relationship of the many individual parts of an organism

Metabolism

ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction

Responsiveness

ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments to maintain life

Growth

increase in size of all or part of the organism

Development

changes an organism undergoes through time

Differentiation

change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

Morphogenesis

change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

Reproduction

formation of new cells or new organisms

Homeostasis

constant environment within the body

Negative Feedback

decreases deviation from the set point

Positive Feedback

increases deviation from the set point

Anatomical Position

standing upright, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward

Sagittal Plane

separates right and left parts

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

sagittal plane that passes through the midline; equal right and left

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

divides superior and inferior parts

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

divides anterior and posterior parts

Cells

the basic unit of life

Plasma Membrane

outermost layer of the cell

Nucleus

large membrane-bound structure near the center of the cell; location of DNA

DNA

determines the structural and functional characteristics of cells

Gene

region of a DNA molecule that specifies an RNA molecule

Cytoplasm

material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

site of protein production and modification

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

site of lipid synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

packaging and distribution center of the cell

Lysosomes

membrane-bound vesicles that form at the Golgi apparatus

Autophagy

process in which lysosomes digest the cell’s organelles when they are no longer functional

Peroxisomes

vesicles smaller than lysosomes; contain enzymes for detoxification

Proteasomes

contain enzymes that digest proteins

Mitochondria

major energy source of the cell; site of ATP production

Centrosomes

center of microtubule formation

Centrioles

structures within centrosomes involved in cell division

Microtubules

influence distribution of actin and intermediate filaments; part of cytoskeleton

Cilia

projections that move substances over the cell surface

Flagella

longer than cilia; propel sperm cells

Microvilli

tiny non-motile projections that increase surface area for absorption

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Tonicity

tendency of cells to shrink or swell when placed in a solution

Isotonic Solution

no change in cell size

Hypertonic Solution

cells shrink

Hypotonic Solution

cells swell

Endocytosis

movement of materials into cells via vesicles

Phagocytosis

cell eating

Pinocytosis

cell drinking

Exocytosis

secretion of materials from cells