quizlet for bradley

yea

Basking Shark is a type of -

Basking Shark is a type of -

Chondrichthyes

Chondricthyes skeleton is -

entirely cartilaginous

Chondricthyes possess _____ bodies

Fusiform

Fusiform

Streamlined, hydrodynamic

Mouth ventricle

mouth is located on the bottom of the body

Chondricthyes have ______ scales

placoid

Placoid Scales

Smooth one way and rough the other way

Placoid scales serve to reduce -

friction when swimming

Placoid scales can also become -

the teeth

Chondricthyes have __ chambered hearts

2

Chondricthyes have separate ____

exposed gill slits (No Operculum

________ reproduction occurs in most species

Internal

Countershading (found in sharks)

Dark on top (looking down towards the bottom of the ocean camouflaging) ) and light on the bottom (looking up towards sky camouflaging)

Shark Diagram

Sharks don't have _____

swim bladders

Swim bladders are used to control a fish's -

buoyancy

Sharks store oil in their large ______ to maintain buoyancy

livers

Shark Senses in Order (Furthest -> Closest)

1. Smell

2. Hearing

3. Lateral line organ

4. Vision

5. ampullae of Lorenzini

6. Touch

7. Taste

Lateral Line system

receptor system that enables sharks to detect subtle currents and vibrations in the water

Ampullae of Lorenzini

receptor organs that detect slight electrical fields given off by fish

Sharks eat by -

opening their mouth and thrusting their jaws outward

How do sharks reproduce?

Male claspers are inserted into female cloaca for internal fertilization

Ovoviviparious (90% of sharks)

Produce offspring via eggs; internal, no parental support given to fertilized egg

Viviparous (Great Whites)

Live birth; parents provide extensive parental care

Oviparous

Produce eggs that are hatched; no parental care

Oviparous example

Cat Sharks

Viviparous example

Porbeagle

Ovoviviparous example

Dogfish

Tapetum lucidum -

Reflects light in the eye

Whale Sharks are the largest fish and can get up to -

46 feet long

Whale sharks are found in -

worldwide tropical oceans

Whale sharks consume -

plankton (they're filter feeders like whales)

Guitar Fish -

one of the few chondricthyes fossils

Chondrichthyes don't fossilize well due to their -

Cartilaginous skeletons (cartilage does not fossilize well, or at all)

Elasmobranchii

familiar sharks, skates, and rays, as well as some strange fossil relatives

Elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is -

not fused to the braincase along with separate slit-like gill openings

Rays and Skates, unlike sharks, -

are not fusiform and are dorsoventrally flattened

In rays and skates, gill slits -

open on the ventral surface of the head

Spiracles -

direct water over the gills, to prevent sludge from clogging their delicate structures

Rays and skates primarily feed on -

mollusks and crustaceans (and have teeth for crushing)

The major difference between skates and rays is -

way they reproduce

Rays are -

viviparous

Skates are -

oviparous

Skates release their eggs in -

rectangular cases sometimes called "mermaid's purses"

Bradyodonti

includes forms with an upper jaw fixed to the brain case and a flap of skin (the operculum) covering the gill slits

Bradyodonti includes:

the chimera and rat fish

Bradyodonti eat -

mollusks, crustaceans, and other small marine creatures

What do sea otters eat?

sea urchins, crabs, and fish

How do sea otters prevent themselves from floating away?

they hold hands and wrap themselves in kelp

Where are sea otters found?

Pacific coast of North America from Norcal to Alaska

What is the smallest marine animal?

Sea otters

What notable trait do sea otters possess?

they have the thickest fur of any animal (1 million hairs per square inch)

Mammal traits:

• endothermic

• vertebrates

• hair or fur

• breath air through lungs

• young develop internally; viviparous

• care for young

• mammary glands

What is special about monotremes (platypus, echidna, etc.)?

they're the only mammals that lay eggs

When did the first mammals appear?

over 200 million years ago

Early mammals were -

shrew-like

Early mammals had offspring by -

laying eggs

Early mammals had -

mammary glands

45 million years ago, some mammals -

returned to the sea

Cetaceans -

spend their entire lives at sea

Cetacea have -

stream-lined bodies (developed through convergent evolution)

Cetacea swim by -

moving their tail (fluke)

Cetacea use ______ for insulation

blubber

Baleen whales breathe through -

a blow hole with two openings

Baleen whales have offspring every -

2-3 years after sexual maturity

Baleen whales use _____ to feed

baleen plates

Baleen plates are made of -

keratin

Baleen whales eat -

krill, small fish, and crustaceans

cetaceans can be divided into -

baleen and toothed whales

Rorquals -

groove along throat/chest to expand and allows them to hold 2-3x more water (found only in baleen whales