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Theism
A deity that is distinct from and transcends the world, which it creates and intervenes in
Deism
A supreme being created the world and set it in motion, but does not intervene through miracles or revelations; and can be determined by reason
Monotheism
There is one, and only one, supremely perfect, omnipotent, omniscient and omni-benevolent being who created the world (Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and others)
Polytheism
Many deities, each with a particular role in the creation or governance of the world (Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Celtic, Norse, and others)
Pantheism
God is, or is coextensive with, the world, has no personal or anthropomorphic characteristics (Lao Tzu, some FNMI cultures, pre-Socratics)
Panentheism
Everything that exists is in God, nothing exists outside or beyond God; not a person or distinct from its creation (Spinoza, Einstein, Davies)
Atheism
No such thing as a deity (Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Russell, Sartre, Dawkins)
Agnosticism
The existence of a deity or deities cannot be known or proven (Hume)
Metaphysics
After-nature - deals with being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space
Reality
An absolute with a specific nature independent of our thoughts or feelings
Ontology
The area of philosophy that studies the nature of being and reality
Being in-itself
Non-conscious existence: stones, staplers, tables, brains, organisms
Being for-itself
Free, conscious existence enjoyed by humans alone
Phenomenology
An approach to reality from the standpoint of subjectivity
Non-conscious objects
Essence precede existence
Conscious subjects
Existence precedes essence
Ethics
Often used to describe systems and rules of right and wrong that are extrinsically developed for specific contexts (codes of ethics for schools, workplaces, social spaces, etc) - standardized
Morality
Intrinsic or personally developed concepts, principles, and habits of right and wrong that we carry with us from place to place - individualistic
Ethical Absolutism
There is one and only one set of correct moral standards that everyone should follow everywhere and always
Ethical Relativism
Because societies differ in the moral standards they accept, it follows that there is no single correct set of moral standards everyone should adopt; instead people should follow the standards that their own society accepts
Egotistic Relativism
Morality is individualistic
Social Relativism
Ethics based on social groups, rather than individual (cultural, volunteer organizations, religions, political factions, national identities, historical traditions, etc that set their own values)
Meta-ethical Relativism
Skepticism about the existence of any firm and universal moral principle
Objective
Right and wrong are true whether or not we believe it - it is beyond us
Subjective
Right and wrong depend on what a particular person or group has decided
Metaphysical grounding
Grounding for ethics based in religion
Naturalistic grounding
Grounding for ethics based on natural world and scientific discovery; evolutionary basis
Sociological grounding
Grounding for ethics based in observations of society and cultural practices
Rationalistic grounding
A grounding for ethics based in reason - if so, then all rational would be logically bound to accept and follow
Deontology
Regarding absolute duties, regardless of the outcomes
Consequentialism
Focused on arriving at the best outcome
Aristotelian
Things have a proper function - for humans the function is using reason
Thomistic Ethics
St. Thomas Aquinas integrated Christian ideals into Aristotelian ethics
Buddhism
6th Century BCE - Noble Eightfold Path towards Nirvana beyond Samsara
Confucianism
No afterlife, focus is on relationships between people
Theistic Ethics
Stems from Divine Command theories - morality is objective
Kantian Deontology
Based around Categorical Imperative
Ethical Egoism
Act in a manner that will benefit oneself, long-term
Hedonism
Same idea as Ethical Egoism, but self-interest is only pleasure as intrinsically good
Utilitarianism
How useful something is, evaluating action by how much good results, where good = happiness and pleasure = intrinsically valuable
Rule utilitarianism
Didn’t focus on acts in isolation, rather general rules of moral behaviour
Anselm’s God (ontological)
A being than which none greater can be conceived
Aquinas’ Five Ways (cosmological)
Need for a first - this is God
Teleological
There is order in nature, nature needs a designer - God
Anthropomorphic principle
Universe appears fine-tuned for human-life - demands an explanation - God