what is the respiratory system involved in?
the exchange of CO2 and O2 between air and the blood
where do..
a) CO2
b) O2
move from and to
a) blood to lungs
b) air inhaled into the lungs to blood
between which two structures does gas exchange occur?
(the air in) the alveoli and (the blood in) pulmonary capillaries
is oxygen concentration high or low in:
a) air in the alveoli
b) blood in the pulmonary capillaries
what does this tell us?
a) high
b) low
that oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries
is CO2 concentration high or low in:
a) air in the alveoli
b) blood in the pulmonary capillaries
what does this tell us?
a) low
b) high
that CO2 diffuses from the pulmomary capillaries to the alveoli
define breathing
the process of moving air in and out of the lungs
what happens if a person stops breathing?
concentration of O2 in the alveoli drops as the oxygen moves to the pulmonary capillaries. when the O2 levels are equal between the two, O2 stops diffusing
what are the 2 phases of breathing?
inhalation and exhalation
do the lungs contain muscle?
no
what is the diaphragm and what does it do?
a skeletal muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities. when it contracts, we inhale
which organs are in the thoracic cavity? (2)
which organs are in the abdominal cavity? (3)
thoracic- heart and lungs
abdominal- stomach, liver, intestines (+)
what are the steps of inhalation (4)
diaphragm contracts and moves down
the thoracic cavity increases in volume
air pressure in the alveoli decreases
air from outside the body rushes into the lungs
does the diaphragm move up or down when contracting?
down
what are the steps of exhalation (4)
the diaphragm relaxes and moves up
the thoracic cavity decreases in volume
air pressure in the alveoli increases
air is squeezed out of the lungs
how does the respiratory system clean itself? (2)
sticky mucus traps tiny particles
cilia lining the trachea beat, moving the mucus containing trapped particles up and out of the trachea
where in the respiratory system are mucus-secreting goblet cells found? (3)
lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
what is internal respiration?
the process by which gases are exchanged between the blood and cells in the body
what is external respiration?
the process by which gases are exchanged between the air in the alveoli and the blood in pulmonary cap.
during internal respiration…
O2 diffuses from __ to __
CO2 diffuses from __ to __
blood, body cells
body cells, blood
during external respiration…
O2 diffuses from __ to __
CO2 diffuses from __ to __
air in alveoli, blood
blood, air in alveoli
what is the pleura?
a two layer membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity
what is the pathway of air in the respiratory system? (8)
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronci, bronchial tubes, bronchioles and alveoli
what are hollow spaces in the nose?
nasal passages
what are 3 functions of the nasal passages?
to warm, moisten and filter air before it reaches the lungs
how do humans make sounds?
by controlling vibrations of the vocal cords
what is the larynx? what are the vocal cords?
larynx- voice box
vocal cords- two pairs of membranes stretched across the inside of the larynx
what keeps the trachea open?
rings of cartilage in its walls
how does smoking affect cilia?
smoking stops the motion of cilia for a short period of time
name the…
a) number of cell layers in alveoli
b) number of alveoli in the lungs
c) total surface area of the alveoli
a) 1
b) 300 million
c) 70 square meters
what is emphysema
scarlike tissue forms in the alveoli, reducing surface area and the elasticity of the lungs and causes shortness of breath
what are the four stages of gas exchange?
breathing, external respiration, internal respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
how many times does one breathe per minute?
12-25 times per minute
which structure controls breathing?
the respiratory center
what are chemoreceptors?
-structures found in large arteries that sense the amount of O2 and CO2 in the blood
-stimulates the respiratory center to increase breathing rate when CO2 increases
what is oxyhemoglobin?
oxygen and hemoglobin that combine in the lungs
which three ways is CO2 carried to the lungs?
combines with water and forms carbonic acid, then breaks down into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions -70%
combines with hemoglobin to make carboxyhemoglobin -20%
dissolves in plasma -10%
what is…
a) asthma
b) bronchitis
a) allergic reaction causing a range of difficulty breathing. bronchioles spasm, squeezing air passages
b) bronchial tube lining becomes irritated/swollen, causing alveoli to swell and clog with mucus and coughing
what is…?
a) pneumonia
b) lung cancer
a) alveoli fill with fluid, preventing gas exchange
b) tumours form in the lungs as a result of uncontrollable cell growth
label
what is..?
HbO2
H2CO3
HCO3
HbCO2
oxyhemoglobin
carbonic acid
bicarbonate ions
carboxyhemoglobin