biological molecules

what defines organic molecules?

contain carbon and hydrogen

carbon forms _____ and _______ molecules

large, complex

carbon forms __ covalent bonds

4

more bonds you can make =

more complex molecule and shape

hydrocarbons

only made of hydrogen and carbon

organic molecules often made from carbons in what 2 shapes?

chains, rings

are hydrocarbons polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

isomers

same atoms, different organization

iso meaning

same

mers meaning

parts

functional groups

bonded atoms with particular chemical properties

carbon skeletons usually have ______ _____ attached to them

functional groups

what do functional groups do to the molecule?

alter properties and reactivity

what is a hydroxyl group made of?

OH

2 characteristics of hydroxyls

polar, forms hydrogen bonds

what are 3 parts of a carboxyl group?

C, O, OH

what do carboxyl groups tend to do?

ionize and lose their H+ ion

since carboxyls get rid of an H+, they are…

acidic

what makes up an amino group?

N, 2 H

sometimes amino groups bond to another…

H

since amino groups accept H+, they are…

basic

what makes up phosphate group?

P, 4 O

phosphate groups are _____ so they are ____ energy

unstable, high

2 of the Os in phosphate group are negative, so the molecule is…

polar

polymers

large molecules formed by many small, repeating parts

monomers

individual units

many biological macromolecules are…

polymers

making complex molecules ____ energy

uses

more complexity =

higher energy

dehydration reaction

parts of water taken out of monomers to make polymer and water molecule

degradation of molecules _______ energy

releases

hydrolysis

water molecule breaks bond in polymer to separate monomers

catalysts

make reactions faster

enzymes

biological catalysts

4 types of biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbohydrate function

structure, energy storage

carb monomers

monosaccharides

carb dimers

disaccharides

carb polymers

polysaccharides

carbohydrates follow this molecular formula ratio

CH2O

glucose is a ___saccharide and is our…

mono, blood sugar

sucrose is a __saccharide and our…

di, table sugar

what polysaccharide is used for energy storage in plants?

starch

what polysaccharide is used for energy storage in animals?

glycogen

both starch and glycogen have _____ as a subunit

glucose

polysaccharides are usually used for structure in…

plants

what polysaccharide is used for structure in plants?

cellulose

cellulose is the principal component of plants’ ____ ____

cell wall

are lipids polymers?

no

are lipids polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end

triglyceride function

long-term food storage

parts of triglyceride

glycerol, 3 fatty acid chains

how are the fatty acids and glycerol bonded together?

dehydration synthesis

what are fatty acids (un)saturated with?

hydrogen

saturated fatty acid

no double bonds in chain

unsaturated fatty acid

double bonds in chain

what do double bonds in fatty acid chains cause?

bends in chain, different shape

saturated fatty acids are ____ at room temp, and are more common in ______ fat

solid, animal

unsaturated fatty acids are ____ at room temp, and are more common in ______ fat

liquid, plant

phospholipids are the primary component of…

cell membrane

phospholipids are like fatty acids, but replace one ______ with _______

fatty acid, phosphate group

phospholipid heads are ______ and __________

polar, hydrophilic

phospholipid tails are ______ and __________

nonpolar, hydrophobic

phospholipid bilayer

2 layers of phospholipids, with heads being on outside and tails being inside

phospholipid bilayers are the most ______ arrangement for them

stable

what are phospholipid tails made of?

fatty acids

steroid hormone

chemical signal

steroid hormone polarity and structure

nonpolar, 4 fused rings

proteins have ____ functions

many

is shape important to proteins?

yes

protein monomer

amino acid

4 parts of protein

central carbon, amino group, r group, acid group

are amino groups acidic or basic?

basic

each amino acid has a different…

r group

what do r groups do to proteins?

affect shape and properties

some r groups are _______ because they contain nonpolar ___ and ___

hydrophobic, carbon, hydrogen

hydrophobic r groups often end up where in protein?

interior

hydrophilic r groups often end up where in proteins?

exterior

peptide bond

bond between 2 amino acids

polypeptide

many amino acids joined together 

primary protein structure

linear sequence of amino acids

secondary protein structure

hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of different amino acids

2 types of secondary protein structure

alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

tertiary protein structure

interaction between r groups in one polypeptide

quaternary protein structure

multiple polypeptides folded together with biological function

denaturation

misfolding

protein denaturation can be caused by… (3)

abnormal temp, pH, salt concentration

what does denaturation do to proteins?

disrupts function