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Mathematical Functions
Functions that perform specific mathematical tasks, such as finding the absolute value, rounding numbers, and calculating trigonometric functions.
Strings
Sequences of characters in Python.
Objects
General term referring to any data type or variable in Python.
Functions
Groups of statements that perform a specific task.
Math Module
A module in Python that provides mathematical functions and constants.
GPS Locations
Latitude and longitude coordinates that represent a specific location on Earth.
Program
A set of instructions written in a programming language to solve a specific problem.
Absolute Value
The positive value of a number, regardless of its sign.
Max
A function that returns the largest value among a set of numbers.
Min
A function that returns the smallest value among a set of numbers.
Pow
A function that calculates the exponentiation of a number.
Round
A function that rounds a number to the nearest integer or a specified number of decimal places.
Float
A data type in Python that represents decimal numbers.
Floor
A function that rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
Exp
A function that calculates the exponential function of a number.
Log
A function that calculates the natural logarithm of a number.
Sqrt
A function that calculates the square root of a number.
Sin
A function that calculates the sine of an angle in radians.
Asin
A function that calculates the inverse sine of a number.
Cos
A function that calculates the cosine of an angle in radians.
Acos
A function that calculates the inverse cosine of a number.
Tan
A function that calculates the tangent of an angle in radians.
Degrees
A function that converts an angle from radians to degrees.
Radians
A function that converts an angle from degrees to radians.
Import
A keyword in Python used to import modules or libraries.
Algebraic Functions
Functions that involve algebraic operations, such as exponentiation and logarithms.
Test
To check the correctness or functionality of a program or function.
Triangle
A polygon with three sides and three angles.
Vertices
The points that define the corners of a polygon, such as a triangle.
Coordinates
The values that represent the position of a point in a coordinate system.
Acos
A function that calculates the inverse cosine of a number.
Assigns
To assign a value to a variable.
Variable
A named storage location in a program that holds a value.
Double Quotes
Another type of quotation mark used to enclose a string literal.
Empty String
A string with no characters.
Unicode
An encoding scheme for representing international characters.
ASCII Code
A 7-bit encoding scheme for representing all uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, punctuation marks, and control characters.
Character Encoding
The process of mapping a character to its binary representation.
Binary Representation
A sequence of Os and 1s used to store a character in a computer.
Subset
A smaller portion or part of a larger set.
Hexadecimal Digits
Digits that range from 0 to 9 and A to F, used in hexadecimal numbering system.
ord Function
A function that returns the ASCII code for a character.
chr Function
A function that returns the character represented by an ASCII code.
Escape Sequences
Special sequences of characters used to represent special characters in strings.
Linefeed
An escape sequence (\n) used to represent a line break or new line.
Carriage Return
An escape sequence (\r) used to represent the return of the cursor to the beginning of the line.
Backslash
An escape sequence (\\) used to represent a backslash character.
Single Quote
An escape sequence (\') used to represent a single quote character.
Double Quote
An escape sequence (\") used to represent a double quote character.
Newline
A linefeed character (\n) used to advance the output to the next line.
Radius
The distance from the center of a circle to any point on its circumference.
math.pi
A constant in the math module representing the value of pi (approximately 3.14159).
str Function
A function used to convert a number into a string.
String Concatenation
The process of combining two or more strings into one.
+ Operator
An operator used to add numbers or concatenate strings.
input Function
A function used to read a string from the console.
Case Study
Minimum Number of Coins:A program that calculates the minimum number of coins needed to represent a given amount of money.
Objects
Entities in Python that can be numbers, strings, or other data types.
Methods
Functions that are associated with objects and can be called on them.
id
A function in Python that returns the unique identifier of an object.
type
A function in Python that returns the type of an object.
object
A data structure in Python that has a unique identifier and a type.
integer
A data type in Python that represents whole numbers.
float
A data type in Python that represents decimal numbers.
string
A data type in Python that represents a sequence of characters.
method
A function that is associated with an object and can only be invoked from that object.
lower()
A method in Python that converts a string to lowercase.
upper()
A method in Python that converts a string to uppercase.
strip()
A method in Python that removes whitespace characters from the beginning and end of a string.
format()
A function in Python that returns a formatted string.
format specifier
A string that specifies the format of the output in the format() function.
field width
The width of the output in the format() function.
precision
The number of decimal places in the output of the format() function.
scientific notation
A way of representing numbers using powers of 10.
percentage
A way of representing numbers as a fraction of 100.
justification
The alignment of the output in the format() function.
integer formatting
Formatting an integer in decimal, hexadecimal, octal, or binary.
string formatting
Formatting a string with a specified width.
turtle
A module in Python that provides a way to create graphics using a turtle object.
pen
The tool used by a turtle object to draw on the canvas.
pendown()
A method in the turtle module that lowers the pen, allowing the turtle to draw.
penup()
A method in the turtle module that raises the pen, preventing the turtle from drawing.
pensize()
A method in the turtle module that sets the thickness of the lines drawn by the turtle.
forward()
A method in the turtle module that moves the turtle forward by a specified distance.
backward()
A method in the turtle module that moves the turtle backward by a specified distance.
right()
A method in the turtle module that turns the turtle right by a specified angle.
left()
A method in the turtle module that turns the turtle left by a specified angle.
goto()
A method in the turtle module that moves the turtle to an absolute position.
setx()
A method in the turtle module that moves the turtle's x-coordinate to a specified position.
sety()
A method in the turtle module that moves the turtle's y-coordinate to a specified position.
setheading()
A method in the turtle module that sets the orientation of the turtle to a specified angle.
Note 
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