Biology unit 1-3

Prokariotic vs Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are simple, unicellular organisms without a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells are complex, can be unicellular or multicellular, and contain a nucleus and organelles.

three domains of life

include Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Surface area versus volume ratio

As cells increase in size, their volume increases faster than their surface area, impacting their metabolic rates.

cell theory

celall living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

cell wall

A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria, providing structural support and protection.

cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell, where organelles are suspended and metabolic processes occur.

nucleiod (prokaryotes only)

The irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic material is located, lacking a surrounding membrane.

nucelous

A dense region within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins. nucl

nucleus

The membrane-bound structure within eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material and regulates gene expression.

ribosome

A molecular machine in cells that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA into polypeptide chains. Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

endomembrane system

the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles, facilitating the synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids.

nucelar envelope

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, separating the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulating transport of materials in and out.

rough er

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes, playing a key role in the synthesis of proteins destined for secretion or for use within the cell.

smooth er

The part of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes, involved in the synthesis of lipids and the metabolism of carbohydrates, as well as detoxification of drugs and poisons. ve

vesicle

A small membrane-bound sac that transports substances within a cell or between cells.

golgi appuratus

A stack of membrane-bound structures that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

lyosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

cell membrane

A protective barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

vacuole

A membrane-bound organelle that stores substances such as nutrients, waste products, and water in a cell.

chlolorphyll

A green pigment found in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

chroloplast

An organelle in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis by converting sunlight into energy.

mitocondria

Often called the 'powerhouse of the cell,' mitochondria are organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power a cell's biochemical reactions, produced in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

chromatin

A complex of DNA and proteins (histones) found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, which compacts DNA and regulates gene expression.

inorganic chemistry

The branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds, which typically do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

organic chemisty

The branch of chemistry concerned with the properties, structures, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which are often derived from living organisms.

Atoms

The basic building blocks of matter, consisting of a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) and orbiting electrons.

elements

A pure substance consisting only of atoms that all have the same numbers of protons in their atomic nuclei.

polar molecules

A polar molecule is a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative. This occurs due to the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

non polar molecules

a molecule where the electrons are shared equally between the atoms, resulting in no net charge across the molecule.

ionic bond

A type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

covalent bond

A type of chemical bond characteized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms

hydrogen bond

A type of intermolecular force of attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) and another electronegative atom in a different molecule or a different part of the same molecule.

characteristic of living things

Organization

Metabolism

Homeostasis

Growth and Development

Reproduction'

Response to Stimuli

Adaptation

Heredity