kidneys

role of RAAS in hypertension

hypertension- juxtaglomerular apparatus - angiotensin I - Angiotensin II - vasocontriction - restoration of blood pressure and blood volume

Angiotensin I

angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme

angiotensin II 

powerful vasocontrictor, stimulates aldosterone sectrion from adrenal cortex

hemodialysis 

subsititue for the functions of the kidneys by removing waste products from patients blood 

periotneal dialysis

patients own peritoneum i used as the dialyzing membrance

transplantation

kidney is from a close relative donor or cadaver

disturbances of water balance

dehydration (most common) and overhydration

symptoms of renal failure

retention of urea in blood, metabolic acidosis, ketosis derived from fat metabolism

manifestations of cystitis

burning pain or urination, desire to urinate frequently, urine contains many bacteria and leukocytes, responds well to antibiotics, may spread upward into renal pelvis and kidneys

how do the kidneys regulate plasma ph

kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate and manufacture biocarbonate, remove carbon dioxide controlled by respiratory rate, acid metabolites are excreted by kidney

major intracellular ions

potassium, magnesium, and phosphate

major extracellular ions

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate