Warfare

1813

War of Liberation

• 1812: Napoleon invaded Russia and lost 500,000 men out of 600,000

• Fredrick William III of Prussia allied with Russia and Austria to declare war on France

• Battle of Leipzig: Defeated Napoleon

Problem with Schleswig and Holstein

• 1863: King Fredrick VII of Denmark died childless

• Holstein: memb of german confed , Schelswig: not

• Holstein: German, Schleswig: Danish and German

1852

Treaty of London

• Agreed that Christian of Glucksburg would become ruler of Denmark and it’s duchies

1863

• Christian became King of Denmark

• Officials of Holstein refused to swear allegiance to him as they supported Prince of Augustenburg

1864

Danish War

• Austria and Prussia gave ulitimatium to Denmark, threatening to occupy Schleswig unless it withdrew the new constitution in 48 hours

• Denmark refused, causing them to advance into Schleswig

1864: Treaty of Vienna

• King of Denmark gave up his rights over Schleswig and Holstein and were to be jointly administered by Austria and Prussia

1865

Convention of Gastein

• Holstein: administered by Austria (nearer to Prussia)

• Schleswig: administered by Prussia

Weaknesses of Austria (1860’s)

• no allies

• on the verge of bankruptcy

• Holstein between Prussian territory