AP European History Unit 3

Absolutism

Absolutism

Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves for their state's advancement.

Constitutionalism

Government limited by the rule of law, sharing power with a representative body.

Centralization of Power

Process where states consolidate authority under a single entity.

Reformation

16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the creation of Protestantism.

Wars of Religion

Conflicts between Catholic and Protestant states in Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

Series of treaties ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648.

Louis XIV

French monarch known for absolutist rule, famously declaring 'I am the state.'

Fronde

French nobles' rebellion against Cardinal Mazarin's centralizing policies.

Intendant System

Bureaucratic agents enforcing the king's policies in various districts.

Palace of Versailles

Royal residence where Louis XIV housed and controlled the nobility.

Edict of Nantes

Decree granting religious tolerance to French Protestants, revoked by Louis XIV.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Finance minister who implemented mercantilist policies in France.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar who modernized and westernized Russia in the late 17th century.

Table of Ranks

System in Russia allowing nobles to advance based on merit.

Holy Synod

Russian Orthodox Church governing body established by Peter the Great.

Catherine the Great

Successor of Peter the Great, continued modernization of Russia.

English Civil War

Conflict between the English monarchy and parliament from 1642-1651.

Divine Right of Kings

Belief that monarchs derive their authority from God.

Triennial Act

English law requiring parliament to convene at least once every three years.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the parliamentary army during the English Civil War.

Rump Parliament

Remnants of the English Parliament after Cromwell's purges.

Protectorate

Period of English history under Cromwell's military dictatorship.

Restoration Period

Return of the English monarchy in 1660 after the Protectorate.

James II

English monarch known for appointing Catholics to key positions.

William and Mary

Monarchs who rose to power in England in 1689 after James II's abdication.

Glorious Revolution

Peaceful transfer of power in England, ending divine right of kings

English Bill of Rights

Legislation granting parliament tax authority and law permanence

Dutch Republic

State formed after the 80 Years War, led by an oligarchy

Balance of Power

European strategy to prevent dominance by equalizing nations

Partition of Poland

Division of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772

Battle of Vienna

1683 conflict illustrating balance of power struggles

William of Orange

Dutch Protestant leader against Spanish influence

Philip II of Spain

Catholic ruler who clashed with Dutch Protestants

State's General

Oligarchic ruling body in the Dutch Republic

Calvinism

Protestant branch prominent in the Netherlands

Protestantism

Christian branch challenging Catholicism

Constitutional Monarchy

Monarchy limited by laws and a constitution

Habsburg Rulers

Spanish dynasty controlling the Netherlands

30 Years War

European conflict ended by the Peace of Westphalia

80 Years War

Conflict between the Dutch and Spanish ended in 1648

Atlantic World

Regions bordering the Atlantic Ocean with shared history

Indian Ocean Trade

Maritime trade network connecting regions bordering the Indian Ocean

Oligarchy

Government ruled by a small group of people

Antwerp

Prosperous trading city in the Dutch Republic

Rebellions

Acts of resistance against established authority

Ottoman Empire

Massive in 17th century, held possessions in southeastern Europe

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended war in 1713, stipulated France and Spain remain separate entities

Gustavus Adolphus

Built professional standing army, affected the balance of power significantly

Agricultural Revolution

Major innovations in farming, increased food supply

Enclosure Movement

Reduced land available to farmers, pushed many to urban areas

Three Field System

Alternating grain crops with nutrient-restoring crops increased crop yield

Jethro Tull's Seed Drill

Ensured seeds planted at exact intervals, covered with dirt

Mechanical Hoe

Increased efficiency of weed removal from soil

Cast Iron Plow

Dug furrows efficiently, had interchangeable parts for repair

Colombian Exchange

Increased food production through exchange of crops and livestock

Potato

Key food for peasants, nutritious and cheap to grow

Guilds

Traditional worker groups controlling prices, authority

Wool Industry

British industry paying workers directly, limiting guild influence

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing goods in homes before factories

Putting Out System

Merchants paying workers to transform raw materials at home

Factories

Centralized manufacturing buildings, moving from cottage industry

Water Frame

Invention powering textile machines with moving water

Division of Labor

Specialization of tasks in factory production

Insurance Industry

Companies recouping losses for entrepreneurs for a premium

Specialty Banks

Banks loaning venture capital for business endeavors

Mercantilism

State-driven economic system for increasing gold and silver reserves

Colonies

Valuable sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods

Triangular Trade

Trade route involving Africa, Caribbean, and North America

Enslaved Labor

African laborers forced into brutal conditions on plantations

Consumer Culture

Growing trend of increased buying due to low prices