AP Human Geography- Unit 2

agricultural density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land

antinatalist

describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth

arable land

land that can be used to grow crops

arithmetic density

the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

asylum

the right to protection in a country

brain drain

the loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another—often richer—country

carrying capacity

the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology

chain migration

type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have

circular migration

migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

circulation

temporarily, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis

climate

the long term patterns of weather in a particular area

crude birth rate

the number of births in a given yer per 1,000 people in a given population

crude death rate

the number of deaths in a given year per 1000 people in a given population

demographic transition model

a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

demographics

data about the structures and characteristics of human populations

dependency ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 64 and older) divided by the number of people in a working age group (age 15 to 64) multiplied by 100

dispersed

spread out

doubling time

the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double

emigration

movement away from a location

epidemological transition model

a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

fertility

the ability to produce children

forced migration

type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors

friction of distance

a concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

gravity model

a model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation

guest workers

Migrants who travel to a new country as temporary laborers

human migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

human trafficking

defined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"

immigration

movement to a location

infant mortality rate

the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

internal migration

movement within a country's borders

internally displaced persons

a person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the countrys borders

interregional Migration

movement from one region of a country to another

intervening obstacle

an occurrence that holds migrants back

intervening oppourtunity

an occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by peace

intraregional migration

movement within one region of the country

kinship links

networks of relatives and friends

land degradation

long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life

landforms

the natural features of the land's surface

life expentancy

the average number of years a person is expected to live

mobility

all types of movement from one location to another whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances

mortality

deaths as a component of population change

neo-malthusian

describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources

net migration

the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country

overpopulation

a term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life

population density

the number of people occupying the unit of land

population distribution

where people live in a geographic area

population pyramids

Graphs that show the age-sex distribution of a given population

pronatalist

describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth

pull factor

a positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

push factor

a negative cause that compels someone to leave a location

quotas

limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year

rate of natural increase

rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

refugees

a person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death

relocation diffusion

the spread of culture traits through the movement of people

remittances

money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country

repatriate

to returns to ones home country

sex ratio

the proportion of males to females in a population

skills gap

A shortage of people trained in a particular industry

step migration

Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination

substinence agriculture

an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock

temperate climate

a climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts

total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

transhumance

the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

transnational migration

international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin

urbanization

urban growth and development

voluntary migration

type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place