Anatomy exam chapter 1

Anatomy

The science of body structures and the relationships among them

Physiology

The science of body functions- how the body parts work

The six levels of organization

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level, and organismal level

Integumentary system

skin, hair, fingernails; protects body, body temperature, helps make vitamin D

Skeletal system

bones & joints

Muscular system

Skeletal muscle system

endocrine system

hormone producing glands

cardiovascular system

blood, heart, and blood vessels

respiratory system

lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx

digestive system

organs of digestive canal

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra

reproductive system

gonads and associated organs

the six important life processes

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

metabolism

sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

responsiveness

body's ability to detect and respond to changes

movement

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, & even tiny structures

growth

increase in body size that results from an increase in the size & number of existing cells

differentiation

development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

reproduction

formation of new cells or production of a new individual

components of a feedback system

receptor, control center, effector

receptor

body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition

control center

sets the narrow range or set point within when a controlled condition should be maintained

effector

structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition

negative feedback system

reverses a change in a controlled condition

positive feedback system

strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions

disorder

abnormality of structure or function

superior/inferior

upper part of body/lower part of body

anterior/posterior

near the front of the body/near the back of the body

ventral/dorsal

near the front of the body/near the back of the body

medial/lateral

nearer to the middle of the body/farther from the middle of the body

intermediate

between two structures

ipsilateral/contralateral

same side as another structure/opposite another structure

proximal/distal

closer to origin of structure/further from origin of structure

abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm -> groin

abdominal cavity

stomach, spleen, liver, intestines

pelvic cavity

urinary, some intestine, and genital systems

thoracic cavity

chest cavity, ribs, muscles of chest, sternum

pericardial cavity

fluid-filled space around the heart

pleural cavities

fluid-filled spaces around the lungs

radiography

x-rays

MRI

magnetic field

computer tomography

CT scan x-ray

ultrasound scanning

sound waves

CCTA scan

scan of heart

Endoscopy

visual inside organs

Radionuclide

Radioactive substance image