Psychology Studies

Paper 1 & Paper 2

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)

A → investigate whether position of words affects recall

• test primary recency effect

• test if there are 2 separate stores of memory

M → participants presented 15 word list + asked to recall

• free recall used

• control condition → immediately recall after hearing full list

• experimental condition → recall after counting back from 30 after list (filler activity)

R → delaying recall by 30 seconds (while preventing rehearsal) negates the recency effect causing recall of later words to be similar to ones in the middle. However it does not influence primacy effect.

C → the primacy effect occurs because words remembered from the beginning of the list have already been stored in LTM

• owing to greater rehearsal

• words at the end of the list are still in STM.

Milner & Scoville - HM case study (1957)

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Landry & Bartling (2011)

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Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

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Bartlett et al (1932)

A → To investigate if memory is reconstructive and if schemas influence recall

M → British p’s read Native American folk story + had to recall from memory

• p= unfamiliar w concepts, names/words + structure of story

  • reflects different conventions + beliefs

• used both serial + repeated reproduction

  • serial reproduction → 1st p recalls original story + 2nd has to reproduce it

  • repeated reproduction → p asked to recall it over several retention intervals

R → main idea of story was remembered but unfamiliar elements were changed to fit their own cultural expectations

• 3 patters of distortion

  • assimilation → interpreted events based on their own culture

    • e.g. canoes → boats

  • levelling → story became shorter each time it was recalled

    • ommision of info deemed not important

  • sharpening → p’s changed order of story to make it more familiar

    • e.g. changing ending of character dying to a happy ending

C → memory is subject to reconstruction based on pre-existing schemas

• memory is active process

• memories are not copies of experience but reconstruction based on schemas

• effort after meaning phenomena shown

Bransford & Johnson (1972)

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Stroop (1935)

A → to investigate the interference between automatic word reading and color naming.

M →

• participants were presented with color words printed in incongruent ink colors.

• they were instructed to name the ink color while ignoring the word's meaning.

• reaction times and error rates were measured.

R →

• participants took longer and made more errors in incongruent trials compared to congruent trials.

• interference between word reading and color naming was observed.

• participants had difficulty selectively attending to the ink color while inhibiting the automatic response of reading the word.

C →

• the stroop effect demonstrates the interference between automatic and controlled processing.

• reading words is an automatic process that interferes with color naming.

• resolving the conflict between word and color requires additional cognitive effort and impacts reaction times.

• the stroop effect provides insights into attention, automaticity, and cognitive processing.

Wason (1968)

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