Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
A → investigate whether position of words affects recall
test primary recency effect
test if there are 2 separate stores of memory
M → participants presented 15 word list + asked to recall
free recall used
control condition → immediately recall after hearing full list
experimental condition → recall after counting back from 30 after list (filler activity)
R → delaying recall by 30 seconds (while preventing rehearsal) negates the recency effect causing recall of later words to be similar to ones in the middle. However it does not influence primacy effect.
C → the primacy effect occurs because words remembered from the beginning of the list have already been stored in LTM
owing to greater rehearsal
words at the end of the list are still in STM.
Milner & Scoville - HM case study (1957)
ADD
Landry & Bartling (2011)
ADD
Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
ADD
Bartlett et al (1932)
A → To investigate if memory is reconstructive and if schemas influence recall
M → British p’s read Native American folk story + had to recall from memory
p= unfamiliar w concepts, names/words + structure of story
reflects different conventions + beliefs
used both serial + repeated reproduction
serial reproduction → 1st p recalls original story + 2nd has to reproduce it
repeated reproduction → p asked to recall it over several retention intervals
R → main idea of story was remembered but unfamiliar elements were changed to fit their own cultural expectations
3 patters of distortion
assimilation → interpreted events based on their own culture
e.g. canoes → boats
levelling → story became shorter each time it was recalled
ommision of info deemed not important
sharpening → p’s changed order of story to make it more familiar
e.g. changing ending of character dying to a happy ending
C → memory is subject to reconstruction based on pre-existing schemas
memory is active process
memories are not copies of experience but reconstruction based on schemas
effort after meaning phenomena shown
Bransford & Johnson (1972)
ADD
Stroop (1935)
A → to investigate the interference between automatic word reading and color naming.
M →
participants were presented with color words printed in incongruent ink colors.
they were instructed to name the ink color while ignoring the word's meaning.
reaction times and error rates were measured.
R →
participants took longer and made more errors in incongruent trials compared to congruent trials.
interference between word reading and color naming was observed.
participants had difficulty selectively attending to the ink color while inhibiting the automatic response of reading the word.
C →
the stroop effect demonstrates the interference between automatic and controlled processing.
reading words is an automatic process that interferes with color naming.
resolving the conflict between word and color requires additional cognitive effort and impacts reaction times.
the stroop effect provides insights into attention, automaticity, and cognitive processing.
Wason (1968)
ADD