Chemical Reactions and Gas Laws

Flashcards covering key concepts from chemistry regarding gas laws, types of chemical reactions, biomolecules, and food label analysis.

Boyle's Law

P₁V₁ = P₂V₂; describes an inverse relationship between pressure and volume when temperature is constant.

Charles' Law

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂; describes a direct relationship between volume and temperature when pressure is constant.

Gay-Lussac's Law

P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂; describes the relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume.

Combined Gas Law

(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂; relates pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas.

Nutritional Label Components

Includes total fat, protein, and carbohydrates; helps analyze food composition.

Synthesis Reaction

When two or more reactants combine to form one product (e.g., 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl).

Decomposition Reaction

When one reactant breaks into two or more products (e.g., 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂ + O₂).

Single Replacement Reaction

When one element replaces another in a compound (e.g., Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu).

Double Replacement Reaction

When two ionic compounds exchange partners (e.g., NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O).

Combustion Reaction

A hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen, producing CO₂ and H₂O (e.g., CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O).

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, the monomers of carbohydrates, with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (e.g., glucose).

Proteins

Polymers made of amino acids that function to build muscles and enzymes; contain C, H, O, N.

Lipids

Fats and oils, made of glycerol and fatty acids; provide long-term energy storage.

Nucleic Acids

Polymers made of nucleotides; store genetic information (e.g., DNA and RNA).

Kelvin Conversion

Temperature in Kelvin = Temperature in Celsius + 273.

Hydrocarbon Chains

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms; characteristic structure of lipids.

Functional Groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that dictate their properties and reactions.

Inversely Related Variables

Variables that move in opposite directions; as one increases, the other decreases (e.g., pressure and volume in Boyle's Law).

Directly Related Variables

Variables that move in the same direction; as one increases, the other also increases (e.g., volume and temperature in Charles' Law).

Chemical Reaction Example: Synthesis

2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl, where two reactants combine to form one product.

Chemical Reaction Example: Decomposition

2H₂O₂ → 2H₂ + O₂, where one reactant breaks down into two products.

Balanced Reaction Process

The process of ensuring the same number of atoms of each element are present in reactants and products.

Common Biomolecule Elements

Carbohydrates (C, H, O), Proteins (C, H, O, N), Lipids (C, H, O), Nucleic Acids (C, H, O, N, P).

Carbohydrate Structure

Contains rings with OH groups; examples include sugars and starches.

Protein Structure

Chains with NH₂ or COOH groups; represent building blocks such as muscles and enzymes.

Lipid Structure

Long chains of hydrocarbons, primarily used for long-term energy storage.

Food Label Analysis

Evaluation of nutritional facts to understand the content and benefits of food.

Balancing Chemical Equations

The process of ensuring that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation.

Reaction Examples: Single Replacement

Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu; forms different compounds through replacement.

Charles' Law Practical Application

Used to calculate volume changes of gases with temperature fluctuation, significant in balloon dynamics.

Gas Law Applications

Used in various scientific and real-world applications, including weather forecasting and engineering.

Significance of Gas Laws

Essential for understanding the behavior of gases under different temperature and pressure conditions.

Combustion Reaction Products

Always produces carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) when hydrocarbons burn in oxygen.

Understanding Food Biomolecules

Analyzing presence of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in food for nutrition.

Balancing with Coefficients

Using coefficients in front of compounds to achieve a balanced chemical equation.

Gas Laws Overview

A framework to understand how gas variables affect each other.

Practice Problem: Boyle's Law

Find volume under different pressure conditions using initial pressure and volume.

Practice Problem: Charles' Law

Calculate the volume of gas when temperature changes, using initial conditions.

Carb vs Fat Energy Storage

Carbohydrates provide quick energy, while fats provide long-term energy.

Protein Functionality

Essential for building tissues and enzymes, crucial for biological functions.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins, made up of specific combinations of C, H, O, and N.

Metabolic Processes

Chemical reactions in living organisms that involve biomolecules like carbohydrates and proteins.

Synthesis

4Al + 3O₂ → 2Al₂O₃

: Combustion

C₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O.

Single Replacement

2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂

Synthesis Reaction

2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

Synthesis Reaction

N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃

Combustion Reaction

2C₂H₆ + 7O₂ → 4CO₂ + 6H₂O

Combustion Reaction

2C₄H₁₀ + 13O₂ → 8CO₂ + 10H₂O

Decomposition Reaction

2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂.

Decomposition Reaction

CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂.

Single Replacement Reaction

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂.

Single Replacement Reaction

Cl₂ + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br₂.

Double Replacement Reaction

AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl (s) + NaNO₃

Double Replacement Reaction

BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ (s) + 2NaCl