Latin American History Final

Miguel Hidalgo

A revolutionary, unorthodox priest in Mexico who mobilized the poor with "the call" to fight against the suffering of the lower class and arouse religious fervor using a banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Was tried and executed.

Jose Maria Morelos

A priest in Mexico with better leadership and fighting skills with goals of independence and reforms. Was executed.

Agustin de Iturbide

A royalist colonel in Mexico who met with remaining rebels to negotiate, later became president, then "constitutional emperor."

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan creole and nationalist dubbed "The Liberator" who worked with Francisco de Miranda in a revolt to declare independence. (Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia)

Antonio Jose de Sucre

Liberated Upper Peru as Bolivar's lieutenant, and served as the President and renamed Bolivia.

Jose Antonio Paez

A mixed-race caudillo who was the first president of an independent Venezuela.

Jose San Martin

Liberator of Chile, professional soldier form Argentina. He walked a political tightrope as he needed elite creole support and the general populous' support. He lost creole support when he abolished the "mita," used the term "Peruvian" instead of "Indian," and freed the children of slave mothers.

Bernardo O'Higgins

Assisted San Martin, became the 1st president of Chile and was characterized by being honest and brave, populist reforms.

Jose de Francia

First ruler of Independent Paraguay, kept the country isolated from wars and everything else

Dom Joao (John VI)

Ruled Brazil, was ordered to go back to Portugal and left his son to rule

Dom Pedro I

First ruler of Brazil and king of Portugal

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Discontent with the rule of Iturbide, he overthrew him and founded a republic in Mexico.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Established a dictatorship in Argentina

Benito Juarez

First person of fully indigenous ancestry to become governor of a Mexican state, led a resistance against Maximillian.

Maximillian

Emperor of Mexico from Europe, had good intentions but was overthrown and executed. (Viva Mexico!)

Getulio Vargas

20th century dictator of Brazil, set up a constitution that gave himself much more power.

Juan Peron

More recent president of Argentina, was elected 3 times.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary, long running president

Che Guevara

Argentine Marxist and one of the leaders of the Cuban revolution

Daniel Ortega

Authoritarian leader of Nicaragua

Hugo Chavez

Venezuela authoritarian guy

Enlightenment

free market, reason, progress, natural rights for all, liberty

French Revolution

challenged monarchy on basis on divine right

English civil war

got idea of "popular sovereignty" into later constitutions

US Revolutionary War & Monroe Doctrine

gave Latin American leaders an example to follow in terms of standing up against European colonization

Why was there an age of Caudillos?

power vacuum filled by men that had machismo and charisma, made lofty promises of stable constitutions