Speech Pathology Quiz 1

Communication

involves an exchange of meaning between a sender and receiver

Language

what you express

Speech

How you express it

Speakers

articulate a series of programmed muscle movements to form sequences of sounds that represent words, phrases and sentences

Listeners

Interpret or decode the meaning of sounds/messages.

First person language

ALWAYS put the person first, not the descriptor

Impairment

an abnormality of psychological function/ability, anatomic structure and physiological function

Disability

reduced ability to meet daily living needs

Communication disorder

any communication structure or function that’s diminished to a significant degree

Communication difference

some people communicate in ways that differ from that of the mainstream culture

3 general categories for communication disorders

1. speech disorders

2. hearing disorders

3. language disorders

Organic disorder

have a physical cause

Functional disorder

have no specific identified psychologic cause

Speech disorders

result from an interruption in the process of speech production

articulation, fluency and voice are affected

Speech sound disorders

may have difficulty with perception, motor production and phonological representation of speech sounds that impact their ability to be understood by others

Typical causes of SSDs

deviations in anatomic structure, physiological functions, language learning delays

Fluency disorders

unusual interruption in the flow of speaking that involves smoothness, rate of speech and effortfulness

Characteristics of fluency disorders

atypical rhythm and rate and an unusual number of sound and syllable repetitions

disruption in fluency can be accompanied by excessive tension and can struggle visibly to produce words

Voice disorders

identified when an individual uses inappropriate voice quality, pitch or loudness

Characteristics of voice disorders

can be organic or functional in nature and typically include problems with phonation and resonance

Phonatory voice disorders

result from abnormalities in vocal fold vibration that yield changes in loudness, pitch or quality

Resonance voice disorder

problems closing the opening between the noise and mouth during speech production

Psychogenic voice disorder

voice quality is impacted by psychological stress

Language disorders

significant deficiency in understanding or creating messages

3 main types of language disorders

1. developmental language disorders

2. Acquired language disorders

3. Dementia

Characteristics of children with developmental language disorders

-have smaller vocabularies

-use shorter sentences

-have difficulty understanding spoken language

2 predictive factors of late talkers diagnosed with language disorder later in life

-expressive vocabulary

-socioeconomic status

Phonology

system of relations between speech sounds

Syntax

the rules (grammar) of language

Morphology

structure and construction of words

Pragmatics

social skills/rules associated with language

Acquired language disorders-aphasia

trouble remembering words they once knew, may not use gramatically correct sentence structures they once used successfully

Causes of acquired language disorders

-brain lesions

-traumatic brain injury

-aphasia after stroke

experiences after TBI

changes in consciousness, memory, confusion and other neurologic symptoms

Dementia

general decrease in cognitive function, resulting from a pathological deterioration of the brain that progresses and worsens over time

How does dementia impact communication

-disorientation

-impaired memory

-impaired judgment

-impaired intellect

-hallucinations

-stereotypical behaviors

Hearing disorders

deficiency in their ability to detect sounds

How do hearing disorders affect communication

-hear low pitches better than they can hear high-frequency sounds

-don’t hear sounds at any frequency very well

Conductive hearing loss

occurs when sound waves are prevented from reaching the neural structures of the inner ear because of some “blockage” in outer or middle ear

How is conductive hearing loss treated

medically treatable.(medecine or surgery)

Sensorineural hearing loss

result of damage/dysfunction of the neurons in the cochlea or the auditory nerve

How are sensorineural hearing losses treated

by an audiologist with some form of amplification or rehabilitation

Mixed hearing loss

both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses are occuring simultaneously

How is mixed hearing loss treated

medically/ audiologically

potential causes of hearing loss

-exposure to noise

-ototoxicity

-autoimmune diseases

-infections

-genetic anomalies

-children born less than 2500 g

-aging

why will there be a great demand for SLH in the coming years

-growth in profession

-increasing numbers of faculty members retiring

-fewer doctoral students

Primary goal of SLH scientists

discover and better understand human communication processes

Why do some scientists focus on normal communication

info needed on normal communication to determine if a patient’s performance on the measures of speech and language functioning is within the normal range

History of the title SLP

-widely used by those in the profession for many years

-ASHA adopted title in 1976

-most used by the public

Settings of SLPs and which employs the highest % of SLPs

-educational and healthcare settings

-educational at 43%

Steps to become a licensed SLP

-minimum Masters degree to work as an SLP

-some states have a licensure law that requires a Master’s degree

-after Master’s= Clinical Fellowship Year

-after both of those, eligible to apply for national certification and state licensure

What is a CFY

SLPs work under the supervision of an SLP who holds the CCC-SLP

practice areas for audiologists

-hearing loss

-auditory processing disorders

-intra-operative neural monitering

-diagnosing and treating balance disorders and dizziness

Where do audiologists work most

healthcare= 51%

educational= 10%

What event in history caused an increase in need for hearing services

WWII

What is ASHA

primary professional and scholarly home for SLH scientists

What is AAA

-almost all audiologists

-created to address needs of audiologists

What is IPE

interprofessional education

What is licensure and importance

fully credentialed SLP or Audiologist are defined by a given state

minimum criteria for practicing as a professional in that state

What is certification and importance

-meeting prereqs for certification is necessary to receive licensure

-developed/administered by professional organizations

Typical developmental phases in early stages of life

-2 weeks: distinguish voice and face of caregiver from those of strangers

-1 month: initiate interaction with caregiver by looking at them and vocalizing

-12 weeks: turn-taking communication, eye gaze is important

-3 months: begun to learn that communication is a signal, vocalize in response to others

Caregiver responsiveness

-caregivers attentions and sensitivity to infants’ vocalizations and communicative attempts

what should children 0-2 months and 6 months be able to do as far as speech perception development

-0-2 months: discriminate between phonemes even from non native languages, prefer human voices, don’t understand meaning of words

-6 months: notice contrasts in pitch, vowel and consonants of CV syllables, begin to recognize recurring speech patterns

4 stages of vocal development

-phonation stage (0-1 month)

-gooing and cooing stage (2-3 months)

-expansion stage (4-6 month)

-canonical and variegated babbling

Canonical babbling

strings of repeated CV or VC syllables

Variegated babbling

strings of CVs or VCs but the consonants and vowles change, sounds like sentences with rising and falling intonation

Intentionality in terms of communication development

-pre intentional communication (0-7 months)

-learning representation (6 months)

-intentional communication (7-12 months)

Echolalic stage

infants repeat the speech they hear, rather than producing spontaneously generated utterances (8-12 months)

Key communication milestone at 12 months

-begin to use single words

-uses words with or without gestures

-present

“True Word”

-utteres with clear intention and purpose

-recognizable pronunciation

-uses consistently

How many words are in a child’s expressive vocabulary at 2 years

150-300 words

“Vocabulary sprut”

remarkable increase in the rate of vocabulary acquisition

Conversational skills present at preschool

-introduce topis

-maintain topics for 2-3 turns

-consider the speaker’s perspective

Narrative skills

-presents topics

-organizes info

-personal vs. fictional

Phonological processes and when they shoudl be gone

Gone by 3 years:

-weak syllable deletion

-final consonant deletion

-consonant assimilation

-reduplication

-fronting

-prevocalic voicing

Literacy achievements in preschool age children

-actively learning language

-use grammtical morphemes

-learn the verb “be”

-use variety of syntax structures

Functional flexibility

use language for a variety of communicative purposes or functions

Why is the alphabetic principle important

-learn the orthography of letters(graphemes) corresponds to the phonology of sounds(phonemes)

Milestones in terms of form

-5 years: use most verb tenses

-2nd- 3rd grade: derivational morphemes

-early elementary: phonology adult-like

-adolescence: begin to use passive sentences

-stop depending on word order to comprehend sentences

Changes in auditory system in older adults that impact communication

-heraing loss

Vocal mechanism impacted in older adults

-weakness

-reduced intensity in voice

-hoarseness

-trembling

-alterations in vocal pitch

How are language skills impacted in older adults

-life history

-language competence

-communication environment

-cognitive ability

-decrease in attention, memory, cognitive processing speeds