Civil Rights Study Guide for Cold War Test

Birmingham Campaign

A movement aimed at ending segregation in Birmingham, Alabama, known for its nonviolent protests.

Indian Self-Determination & Education Assistance Act, 1975

Legislation that allowed Native American tribes to have more control over their own education and governance.

Executive Order 9981

An order issued by President Truman in 1948 that abolished racial discrimination in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Betty Friedan

An American feminist writer and activist, known for her book 'The Feminine Mystique' which sparked the second wave of feminism.

Stonewall Riot

A series of spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ community in response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in 1969.

Emmett Till

A 14-year-old African American boy whose murder in 1955 became a catalyst for the civil rights movement.

Freedom Rides

Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court decisions.

Harvey Milk

The first openly gay elected official in California, known for his activism for LGBTQ rights.

Civil Rights Act, 1964

A landmark piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A political and social protest campaign against racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.

Voting Rights Act, 1965

A landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

de jure segregation

Segregation that is enforced by law.

de facto segregation

Segregation that occurs in practice, even if not enforced by law.

Title IX

A federal law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or education program that receives federal funding.

Little Rock 9

A group of nine African American students who enrolled at Little Rock Central High School in 1957, testing the Brown v. Board of Education ruling.

Plessy v Ferguson, 1898

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Brown v Board of Education, 1954

A landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

Shelby v Holder, 2013

A Supreme Court case that invalidated key provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Dobbs v Jackson, 2022

A Supreme Court case that overturned Roe v. Wade, impacting abortion rights in the United States.

Jim Crow

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

civil disobedience

The active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, often in a nonviolent manner.

sit-ins

A form of protest where participants sit and refuse to move, often used to challenge segregation.

boycotts

A form of protest in which individuals refuse to purchase goods or services from a company or country to express disapproval.

24th Amendment

An amendment to the United States Constitution that prohibits the use of poll taxes in federal elections.

redlining

The practice of denying services (typically financial) to residents of certain areas based on their race or ethnicity.

Black Power

A movement that sought to empower African Americans and promote racial pride and self-sufficiency.

Black Panthers

A political organization founded in 1966 that aimed to challenge police brutality against the African American community.

La Raza Unida

A political party that sought to address the needs and rights of Mexican Americans in the United States.

Cesar Chavez

An American labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A Native American advocacy group that focuses on issues related to sovereignty, treaty rights, and social justice.