Unit 1

What are dinosaurs closest living relative?

Birds

How do innovations evolve (7 answers)

Feathers, air sacs, elevated metabolism, fast growth rates, genome structure, parental care, sleeping posture

Science grows by…

falsification

Scientific language is not…

scientific reasoning

What is a Law

universal description, predictive, not explanatory

What is a Theory

established principle, predictive and explanatory

What is a hypothesis

a tentative claim, predictive and explanatory

what does proximate mean

physical/functional

what does ultimate mean

evolutionary

what was William Whewell known for

framework for biology ad paleontology

Fossil

anything dug out of the ground

Robert hooke

microscope work, early evolutionist

Niels stensen

anatomist, geologist, priest

what did steno study?

sedimentation

what did steno establish?

stratigraphy, the study of rock layers

john Woodward

density and the deluge: explain distribution of fossils

William smith

first geologic map

what places did William smith map

England, Scotland, and wales

when was the geologic time scale established

1840

what was the use for the geologic time scale

observation for inference of evolution

what are the 3 terms for the geologic time scale

time units, rock units, time-rock units

Reverend William buckland

first scientist to name and describe a dinosaur (megalosaurus)

Gideon mantell

found? and described iguanodon

mary anning

discovered dozens of amazing jurrasic fossils

sir richard owen

names dinosauria in 1842

roy chapman andrews

first complete dinosaur eggs

baron franz nopcsa

paleontologist ahead of his time

what did baron franz discover

dinosaur crests as sexual display features

john ostrom

discovers and describes Deinonychus from Montana

what did john ostrom find

revitalized the dinosaur-bird connection

rock

interlocking or bonded grains of matter typically composed of single materials

mineral

solid element or compound

igneous rock

formed by cooling of molten material to the point of hardening

magma

molten material that solidifies into igneous rock

sedimentary rocks

material deposited on earths surface by water, ice, or air

how are sedimentary rocks formed

pre-existing rocks, skeletal debris, chemical precipitates

stratum

tabular layer of sediment accumulated in discrete episodes

what is another term for stratum

bed

metamorphic rocks

formed by the alteration of preexisting rocks under high temperatures and pressure

principle of intrusive relationships

intrusive igneous rocks are always younger than the rock they invade

principle of components

fragments within a second body of rock are older that the second body of rock

unconformity

substantial interval of time when erosion occurred rather than deposition

other definition for fossils

remnants of ancient life, thousands to millions of years old

succession

rough date by comparing them to fossils throughout the world

how was the geologic time scale developed

biostratigraphy and radioactive decay

what is the geologic time scale divided into

phanerozoic, Precambrian/Archean

three main parts of earths interior

crust, mantle, core

three parts of the crust

moho, oceanic, continental

moho

crust/mantle boundary

oceanic

mafic, dense, igneous

continental

felsic, rich in silica and Al, light igneous

convection

material heated deep in the asthenosphere rises to displace cooler, denser material nearer the surface

theory of plate tectonics

movement of lithospheric plates, plates formed at spreading centers, driven by convection

subduction zones

trenches, associated with volcanoes

walters law

vertical stacking of rock packages represents lateral distribution of environment types

nonmarine-glaciers

course, poorly sorted, till. striated, moraines

till

poorly sorted, heterogenous material

straitions

glacial movement

earratics

large boulders carried by glaciers

dropstones

scattered course sediments found in sediment matrix

dune migration

moves downwind, sands move up and over top; accumulate on lee-face

trough cross- stratification

direction changes with prevailing winds, beds accumulate on curved surface cut through older beds

braided streams

more sediment available than the water can transport. forms numerous channels and bars

meandering river

abundant water relative to sediment

backswamps

floodplain, mud settles out when stream overflows

point bar

slowest flow on inner best, fastest flow on the outer bank

natural levees

form during floods

delta

depositional body of sand, silt, and clay formed when river empties into the sea

what are included in the marginal marine

delta

what are included in nonmarine environments

braided streams, meandering river, backswamps, point bar, natural levees

what are included in nonmarine deserts

dune migration, trough cross-stratification

what are included in nonmarine glaciers

till, striations, erratics, dropstones

delta plain

layers of sand and silt deposited as river nears sea

delta front

silt and clay slope deposits

prodelta

clay often deposited by a freshwater plume

sediment accumulation extends shoreline

progradation

carbonate systems

organic reefs, reef front, reef flat, lagoon, stromatolites, living stromatolites

organic reefs

modern reefs formed from coral. ancient reefs formed from different organisms

reef front

seaward side, often rubble called talus

lagoon

on leeward side, patch reef

stromatolites

layered organic-rich and organic-poor muds

living stromatolites

found in hypersaline, supratidal and intertidal settings

deep sea environments

pelagic sediment

pelagic sediment

fine-grained sediments that accumulate by settling through the water column

taphonomy

the specialty of paleontology dedicated to the study of the process by which an organism becomes part of the fossil record

4 stages of becoming a fossil

biotic stage, interment stage, diagenetic stage, investigative stage

necrolysis

the break up of organisms after death

biostratinomy

the burial process

diagenesis

the post-burial transformation of the organic material

taphonomic filters

different organisms thus have different potential for fossilization

first stage of diagensis of bone

chemical deterioration of teh organic phase

second stage of the diagensis of bone

chemical deterioration of the mineral phase

third stage of the diagensis of bone

biological attack of the composite

Relative time

Order of deposition of a body of rock based on position

Absolute time

A number representing the time a body of rock deposited

When did Precambrian end

540 million years ago

What are the 4 different eras

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, cenozoic

When did the Paleozoic era end

250 million years ago

What are the three periods of the Precambrian era

Haden’s, Archean, proterozoic

What are the 7 periods of the Paleozoic era

Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, cambrain