Studied by 15 people
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What are dinosaurs closest living relative?
Birds
How do innovations evolve (7 answers)
Feathers, air sacs, elevated metabolism, fast growth rates, genome structure, parental care, sleeping posture
Science grows by…
falsification
Scientific language is not…
scientific reasoning
What is a Law
universal description, predictive, not explanatory
What is a Theory
established principle, predictive and explanatory
What is a hypothesis
a tentative claim, predictive and explanatory
what does proximate mean
physical/functional
what does ultimate mean
evolutionary
what was William Whewell known for
framework for biology ad paleontology
Fossil
anything dug out of the ground
Robert hooke
microscope work, early evolutionist
Niels stensen
anatomist, geologist, priest
what did steno study?
sedimentation
what did steno establish?
stratigraphy, the study of rock layers
john Woodward
density and the deluge: explain distribution of fossils
William smith
first geologic map
what places did William smith map
England, Scotland, and wales
when was the geologic time scale established
1840
what was the use for the geologic time scale
observation for inference of evolution
what are the 3 terms for the geologic time scale
time units, rock units, time-rock units
Reverend William buckland
first scientist to name and describe a dinosaur (megalosaurus)
Gideon mantell
found? and described iguanodon
mary anning
discovered dozens of amazing jurrasic fossils
sir richard owen
names dinosauria in 1842
roy chapman andrews
first complete dinosaur eggs
baron franz nopcsa
paleontologist ahead of his time
what did baron franz discover
dinosaur crests as sexual display features
john ostrom
discovers and describes Deinonychus from Montana
what did john ostrom find
revitalized the dinosaur-bird connection
rock
interlocking or bonded grains of matter typically composed of single materials
mineral
solid element or compound
igneous rock
formed by cooling of molten material to the point of hardening
magma
molten material that solidifies into igneous rock
sedimentary rocks
material deposited on earths surface by water, ice, or air
how are sedimentary rocks formed
pre-existing rocks, skeletal debris, chemical precipitates
stratum
tabular layer of sediment accumulated in discrete episodes
what is another term for stratum
bed
metamorphic rocks
formed by the alteration of preexisting rocks under high temperatures and pressure
principle of intrusive relationships
intrusive igneous rocks are always younger than the rock they invade
principle of components
fragments within a second body of rock are older that the second body of rock
unconformity
substantial interval of time when erosion occurred rather than deposition
other definition for fossils
remnants of ancient life, thousands to millions of years old
succession
rough date by comparing them to fossils throughout the world
how was the geologic time scale developed
biostratigraphy and radioactive decay
what is the geologic time scale divided into
phanerozoic, Precambrian/Archean
three main parts of earths interior
crust, mantle, core
three parts of the crust
moho, oceanic, continental
moho
crust/mantle boundary
oceanic
mafic, dense, igneous
continental
felsic, rich in silica and Al, light igneous
convection
material heated deep in the asthenosphere rises to displace cooler, denser material nearer the surface
theory of plate tectonics
movement of lithospheric plates, plates formed at spreading centers, driven by convection
subduction zones
trenches, associated with volcanoes
walters law
vertical stacking of rock packages represents lateral distribution of environment types
nonmarine-glaciers
course, poorly sorted, till. striated, moraines
till
poorly sorted, heterogenous material
straitions
glacial movement
earratics
large boulders carried by glaciers
dropstones
scattered course sediments found in sediment matrix
dune migration
moves downwind, sands move up and over top; accumulate on lee-face
trough cross- stratification
direction changes with prevailing winds, beds accumulate on curved surface cut through older beds
braided streams
more sediment available than the water can transport. forms numerous channels and bars
meandering river
abundant water relative to sediment
backswamps
floodplain, mud settles out when stream overflows
point bar
slowest flow on inner best, fastest flow on the outer bank
natural levees
form during floods
delta
depositional body of sand, silt, and clay formed when river empties into the sea
what are included in the marginal marine
delta
what are included in nonmarine environments
braided streams, meandering river, backswamps, point bar, natural levees
what are included in nonmarine deserts
dune migration, trough cross-stratification
what are included in nonmarine glaciers
till, striations, erratics, dropstones
delta plain
layers of sand and silt deposited as river nears sea
delta front
silt and clay slope deposits
prodelta
clay often deposited by a freshwater plume
sediment accumulation extends shoreline
progradation
carbonate systems
organic reefs, reef front, reef flat, lagoon, stromatolites, living stromatolites
organic reefs
modern reefs formed from coral. ancient reefs formed from different organisms
reef front
seaward side, often rubble called talus
lagoon
on leeward side, patch reef
stromatolites
layered organic-rich and organic-poor muds
living stromatolites
found in hypersaline, supratidal and intertidal settings
deep sea environments
pelagic sediment
pelagic sediment
fine-grained sediments that accumulate by settling through the water column
taphonomy
the specialty of paleontology dedicated to the study of the process by which an organism becomes part of the fossil record
4 stages of becoming a fossil
biotic stage, interment stage, diagenetic stage, investigative stage
necrolysis
the break up of organisms after death
biostratinomy
the burial process
diagenesis
the post-burial transformation of the organic material
taphonomic filters
different organisms thus have different potential for fossilization
first stage of diagensis of bone
chemical deterioration of teh organic phase
second stage of the diagensis of bone
chemical deterioration of the mineral phase
third stage of the diagensis of bone
biological attack of the composite
Relative time
Order of deposition of a body of rock based on position
Absolute time
A number representing the time a body of rock deposited
When did Precambrian end
540 million years ago
What are the 4 different eras
Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, cenozoic
When did the Paleozoic era end
250 million years ago
What are the three periods of the Precambrian era
Haden’s, Archean, proterozoic
What are the 7 periods of the Paleozoic era
Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, cambrain
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