Neuroanatomy + Physiology - Neurons and Embryology

What are the two primary types of cells?

neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)

How do neurons communicate?

electrochemical impulses

What are the 3 basic elements of the neuron?

cell body (soma), axon, dendrites

The cell body is also called?

soma

Which is more numerous: neurons or neuroglia?

neuroglia

What are the 3 basic types of neurons?

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

What is the function of organelles?

controls cellular function

Dendrites are: afferent/efferent

afferent (receives signals)

In dendrites, the signal moves _______ cell body.

towards

The initial segment of the neuron is called

axon hillock

Terminal buttons are also called

Synaptic button/knob/ending, terminal bouton, etc.

What are the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS?

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

What is the function of oligodendroglia?

myelinate neurons (insulate)

What is the function of astrocytes?

maintain blood brain barrier, structural support, fill glial cavities

What is the function of microglia?

phagocytosis in CNS

What is the function of ependymal cells?

form inner surface of ventricles, contribute to choroid plexus

Which glial cell fills the cavity left from microglial phagocytosis?

astrocytes

When are microglia activated?

following injury, infection, or disease

What are 3 functions of Schwann cells in PNS?

myelinate, structural support, neural recovery

What is the function of satellite cells in the PNS?

provide structural support to PNS cell bodies

Bundles of endoneuria are encased in _____, which are then encased in ______

perineurium, epineurium

Myelin is produced by which cells in the PNS? In the CNS?

Schwann cells, oligodendroglia

Name 2 ways neural conduction can be sped up

myelination, inc. diameter of axon

What is saltatory conduction?

the "jumping" of an action potential between the unmyelinated nodes of ranvier

What disease causes myelin to degenerate but initially spares the axon?

Multiple Sclerosis

A relapse-remit pattern is characteristic of?

Multiple Sclerosis

Between MS and Guillain-Barré, which disease is recoverable?

Guillain-Barré

What releases the NT into the synaptic cleft?

terminal buttons

At resting membrane potential, there is more K+: inside/outside

inside cell (Na+ outside)

In depolarization, Na+ flows: into/out of the cell

into

True/False: Depolarization must occur at each Node of Ranvier.

True

In repolarization, K+ flows into/out of the cell

out

How is hyperpolarization brought back to resting membrane potential?

sodium-potassium pumps

What is the goal of excitatory postsynaptic potential?

make cell reach threshold, action potential

What is the goal of inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

cease transmission

Dopamine is produced by

substantia nigra cells in midbrain

Acetylcholine can be associated with (2 diseases)

Myasthenia Gravis, Alzheimer's

What 3 parts constitute the synapse?

presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic cell

Acetylcholine controls

voluntary movement of cranial and spinal nerves

Dopamine is associated with

Parkinson's disease, drug use

Norepinephrine is involved in

PNS: fight or flight, CNS: REM

Serotonin is associated with

arousal, depression

Glutamate mediates

fast synaptic transmission

reduction of GABA produces

abnormal movement

GABA is associated with

Huntington's disease

True/False: Axon can regenerate if cell body intact

True

The chance of nerve regeneration is greater in the: PNS/CNS

PNS

Which finish developing later: neurons/glial cells

glial cells (2nd year of life)

Parts of trilaminar embryo

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

The endoderm becomes

epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems; associated glands

mesoderm becomes

blood, muscles, and bones

The ectoderm becomes

skin and nervous system

What is the notochord?

midline structure of embryo

What develop around the notochord?

developing vertebrae

In adults, parts of the notochord remain as

fleshy tissue between vertebral discs

neural crest develops into

sensory cells of PNS

neural tube develops into

CNS (and PNS motor nerves)

The end of the spinal cord is called

conus medullaris

The remaining nerves below the spinal cord are called

cauda equina

neural tube rostral to the 4th pair of somites

primary embryonic vesicles

5th week of embryonic development

prosencephalon and rhombencephalon divide

Injury to t he embryo is most detrimental during weeks

3-8

Anencephaly

congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing

Cranium bifidum

absence of posterior bone fusion, brain protrusion through opening

Spina bifida

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

Hydrocephalus

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

Microcephaly

abnormally small head

Holoprosencephaly

Midline developmental anomaly, three forms (alobar, semilobar, lobar).

Lissencephaly

"Smooth brain"; condition where there is little to no gyri or sulci within cerebral cortex

What are the two primary types of cells?

neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)