PSYC 220: Exam 3

sexual maturation

sexual maturation

when one becomes capable of being parents, greatest period of sexual differentiation since intrauterine life.

female puberty

avg start at 10.5, but we are starting to see precocious puberty.

• starts with breast dev, fat spurt, growth, pubic hair dev

• menarche, 12.8 avg onset, usually no mature ova are produced by the first period. Lot of shame and secrecy surrounding periods

male puberty

onset ranges from about 9.5-13.5 years, typically less support during puberty

• enlargement of testes, penis, and pubic hair dev, growth/muscle spurt

• spermarche (avg onset 13), 1st ejaculation, semen has few living sperm

timing psych impact

• ppl wanna be “normal” compared to friends and feel weird if not

• best if on time w peers

• those w precocious puberty show some dev problems later on

female early puberty

seen as

• below avg in popularity

• withdrawn and lacking in self confidence

• poor body image, stressed

• higher risk for eating disorders

male early puberty

seen as

• relaxed, independent

• popular, strong

• athletes, self-confident

• good body image

late female puberty

seen as

• attractive

• sociable, lively

• leaders, good body image

late male puberty

seen as

• anxious

• poor body image

• overly talkative

causes of early puberty

obesity, diet changes, toxin increase, plastics, cooking spray, hand sanitizers and soaps. Changes in sleep schedules due to blue screen exposure, changes in medical care, increase in family stress, sexualized media

early puberty bad

prolonged estrogen exposure can increase cancer rates. People are seen as older than they are and held to higher standards, African American girls have higher detention rates from teachers

later puberty wikihow

• breastfeeding

• be careful with “fat talk” cuz it can contribute to EDs

• push for earlier puberty education

Ellis and Garber

longitudinal study finding increased rates of breast cancer, obesity, teen pregnancy, and body image disturbance in girls who hit puberty early.

saw monozygotic twins reared together more often than dizygotic twins, saying both genetics and environment affect menarche

Belsky, Steinberg & Draper

Proposed model that assesses

• availability

• trustworthiness

• enduringness of close personal relationships

longitudinal study to prove, looking at early puberty in father absent and present homes, hypothesis that having an absent father leads to early puberty was supported

James, Ellis, Schlomer, and Garber

Looked at risk taking in boys in girls, perceived mate value, and family stress to see if it was associated with early puberty, saw that father absence in females contributed to this but not males

Ellis and Del Giudice

Thought overly nurturing homes lead to late puberty

Verzani

saw increase in early puberty during the pandemic, saw a 108% increase but only for girls. Believed it was from diet and weight change in quarantine, sleep change, increased screentime and stress levels

life history theory

we fase trade offs and developmental constraints, this has been applied to pubertal timing

Street

looked at brain patterns associated with precocious puberty

biological theory of moral dev

we are biologically wired to “help someone out,” maybe not just humans (whale study helping dolphins escape sharks)

freuds theory of moral dev

morality develops in phallic stage, superego emerges thru parental interactions, said it was irrational

piagets theory of moral dev

linked to cognitive dev, gave kids scenarios and asked who was the naughtiest

• moral realism: 4-7, doesnt understand intent, sense of immanent justice

• moral reciprocity: 10+, understands intention and that rules can shift

kohlbergs theory of moral dev

liked piagets but wanted more detail so he created a stage theory

gilligans theory of moral dev

thought previous theories were male centered and she wanted to account for women.

findings

• men see world as power hierarchy with rules and laws

• women saw world as a series of interconnected relationships

Heinz Dilemma

should bro steal an overpriced drug for his wife dying of cancer or nah (he offered to pay ½ bc thats what he could afford and the drug dude said no)

Kohlberg Preconventional

• obedience-punishment: people behave the way they do to avoid punishment

• marketplace: bargaining, quid pro quo, thinks about overall effect, “Yeah, he should buy it, then he gets wife”

Kohlberg Conventional

• good girl/boy: worried about how others will view them, might say “yes steal, or wife’s family would be so disappointed in you”

• social order: worried about laws and rules, says they cant change. “Dont steal, the law says nah”

In-Class Video: Monkeys and food

one got cucumber one got grape, cucumber one pissed and threw cucumber at scientist

Kohlberg Principled

• social contract: understands rules can be unjust and then must be changed, ex “yes, he should steal, and it should be illegal for the drugger to sell so high anyways”

• Individual principles: valuing of your own morals, says things like “if I were Heinz…”

Marcia’s Identity stages

identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement

identity diffusion

no crisis, exploration, or commitment, think Dylan. No interest in future, distressing for parents

identity foreclosure

commitment without crisis or exploration, “assignment” of a future. Delancey Devin

identity moratorium

exploration and crisis without commitment, ex applying to 143 colleges, “identity crisis”

identity acheivement

crisis, exploration, and commitment, you know you are able to change your mind, ex choosing Binghamton University

Crabbe, Pivnick, Bates, Gordon, & Crosnoe

asked recent grads 19-22yo to identify peer groups, they identified 12 groups.

• academic anxiety has been increasing

• increasing fear of “loners” maybe due to increase in school shootings

vocational choice

what do we want to do with our careers? Influenced by parents/teachers/peers etc

realistic

hands on ex mechanic, plumber etc

investigative

problem solving, mathematicians, scientists etc

conventional

like working with data and numbers, quiet, careful, and task-oriented

gender segregation

seperation in vocation and stereotypes between genders

gender stratification

within one industry, there are subsets dominated by a specific gender

Kinsey Scale

0-6, goes from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual, continuum idea of sexuality, said women experienced as much desire as men which was controversial

Storms Eroticism Scale

two scales of heteroeroticism and homoeroticism, showing homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality

Fritz Klein Sexuality Grid

continuum of sexuality on a matrix

• 28% of women reported non exclusively straight

• 8% of men reported non exclusively straight

psychoanalytic sexual dev

everyone born with bi potential, sexuality develops during phallic stage

social learning sexual dev

weinberg, bell, hammerstein

• used path analysis on about 1500 mostly queer participants

• found sexual orientation determined by adolescent romantic feelings more than actual sexual activities

• saw queer ppl saw straight sex as ungratifying

biological determinants of sexuality

• brain, genetics, hormones that might affect sexuality

Simon Levay

looked at autopsy results of straight men and women and gay men, saw gay men had smaller hypothalamus resembling that of womens compared to straight men, AIDS could be a confounding variable

Williams

lesbians had longer ring fingers than index fingers, resembling the proportions of men

Blanchard Handedness Rates

• gay male 84% more likely to be left handed

• lesbians 91% more likely to be left handed

Blanchard Older Bros

sex orientation 30% more likely to be gay with each older brother

• maternal immune hypothesis:suggested might be related to HY androgens that pass through the placenta and affect brain

lipa and kler

8.4% straight men and 30% gay men had counterclockwise whorls on hair

EBE

exotic becomes erotic, the genders kids hang around become familiar, the other becomes mysterious and attractive

cass model of coming out

1. identity confusion

2. identity comparison

3. identity tolerance

4. identity acceptance

5. identity pride

6. identity synthesis

identity confusion

Who am I? feelings of crushes start to develop

identity comparison

“maybe i’m gay, maybe a phase", mindset, sense of isolation

identity tolerance

“i’m probably ____,” feeling as if you don’t belong

identity acceptance

role models are very important, as well as access to accepting communities, people begin to disclose their identities

identity pride

awareness of injustice increases, more disclosure, anger directed at homophobes and straight ppl, become activists

identity synthesis

less anger, realize they have allies. Some anger remains and dont see us and them dichotomy

Strain Gouge

porn, homophobes liked mlm porn more than non homophobes

expressive love

telling somebody that you love them, communicating the feeling

instrumental love

love through activity, gift giving, etc. Some believe it “doesn’t count”

ludos

thrill of the chase love, think act 1 marvin and whizzer in “Thrill of First Love”

eros

passionate love, emphasizes lust and attraction, ex Standing Next To You MV

storge

“friends to lovers” love, think those Hallmark movies

mania

obsessive, possesive love with a lot of distrust and jealousy, Angel and Val

Pragma

practical love, because they check a box, Jamie with Cathy in TL5Y

agape

self-sacrificing, altruistic love, partners happiness valued over your own, Misa “I’ll Only Love You More”

infidelity

breach of a promise, spoken or unspoken, to be faithful

• 20% of men engage, 13% of women

• 60% of gay male relationships are open

• lesbians have low infidelity rates

• sometimes results in breakups but often not

• unfaithful ppl 30% more likely to be unfaithful again

microcheating

kissing, sexting, watching porn, or engaging in other non-sex behaviors with someone other than your partner when a boundary has been set

Garcia and Merriwether

181 BU students identified for impulse control gene DRD4

• 45% of those w DRD4 report promiscuous sex behavior

• 20% of those without report

• DRD4 have on avg more sex partners

• no gender difference found

polyamory

multiple loves

CNS

consentual non-manogamy, rules agreed upon

swinging

sexual behavior with people not in an emotional or romantic relationship with you without the promise of it

open relationships

ppl in relationships that are maintained also have romantic/sexual contact with others that is agreed upon

In Class Video: Voles

2 types of species, one loyal and the other promiscuous. Saw prom ones had less pleasure receptors so they injected one w DNA to add more, then mated w female, then had male chose between previous mate and “temptress,” chose previous mate

hook-up

breif, uncommitted sexual encounters among individuals who are not romantic partners, 67% start at parties, 57% in dorms. 98% kissing, 34% intercourse

• men orgasm rates way higher

• gay men seem to have best communication

• between 63-81% of college kids have hooked up