PHIL LIT MIDTERMS

Literature

From Latin litera (letter); expression of man’s feelings, thoughts, dreams in beautiful language.

Brother Azurin

Literature is a faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression.

Webster Dictionary

Literature is anything that is printed, as long as it is related to the ideas and feelings of people.

Salazar

Literature is a force that can change social order and revolutionize the system of human society.

Spanish influences

Roman alphabet, Christian doctrine, Spanish language, European legends, religious tone in writings.

Goals of Period of Enlightenment

equality under law, representation in Cortes, Filipinization of parishes, freedom of speech/press, not colony of Spain.

Why Study Literature?

To appreciate heritage, understand traditions, assimilate other cultures, and realize limitations.

Re-orientation (1898–1910)

Writers first adjusted to English after American colonization

Writers first tried English.

Imitation (1910–1925)

Writers imitated American and English literary models.

Works imitated American styles

Self-Discovery (1925–1941)

Filipino writers expressed their own identity in English.

Developed Philippine identity in English works.

Japanese Period (1941–1945)

English suppressed; Tagalog, haiku, and tanaga flourished

English suppressed; Tagalog literature, haiku, and tanaga flourished.

Rebirth of Freedom (1946–1970)

Post-WWII revival of writing in English.

Period of Activism (1970–1972)

Protest literature reflecting youth unrest.

Period of the New Society (1972–1981)

Martial Law period; censored press and propaganda works.

Period of the Third Republic (1981–1985)

Literature after Martial Law; political and reflective.

Contemporary Period (1986–present)

Post-EDSA literature with modern and diverse themes.

Legends

Traditional stories about origin of places, names, things.

Folk Tales

Stories about life, adventure, love, humor, moral lessons.

Epics (Hudhud, Alim)

Long heroic poems of pre-Spanish era.

Folksongs (Kundiman)

Short poems with melodies, about love, hope, daily life.

Riddles (Bugtong)

Rhyming questions requiring wit and reasoning.

Proverbs (Salawikain)

Wise sayings used to teach values.

Sayings (Kasabihan)

Short expressions for children’s games.

Chants (Bulong)

Verses recited as prayers or charms.

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565)

Spanish colonizer who began Spanish period in PH.

Doctrina Cristiana (1593)

First book printed in PH by Fr. Plasencia & Fr. Nieva; contained prayers and doctrines.

Nuestra Señora del Rosario (1602)

Book by Fr. Blancas de San Jose; printed by Tomas Pinpin.

Barlaan at Josephat

Biblical story, first Tagalog novel (translation from Greek).

Pasyon (1704–1814)

Verses narrating life and passion of Jesus; read during Lent.

Urbana at Felisa

Modesto de Castro’s book of letters on manners and values.

Dalit kay Maria (1865)

Collection of prayers by Fr. Mariano Sevilla.

Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala

First book on Tagalog grammar.

Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala

First Tagalog dictionary by Fr. San Buenaventura

Folk Songs of Spanish Era

Examples: Leron Leron Sinta (Tagalog), Pamulinawen (Ilocano), Dandansoy (Visayan), Sarong Banggi (Bicol), Ati Cu Pung Singsing (Kapampangan).

Tibag

Play commemorating St. Helena’s search for the Holy Cross.

Lagaylay

Bicol festival play in honor of the Cross of May.

Cenaculo

Dramatization of Christ’s passion and death.

Panunuluyan

Play re-enacting Joseph and Mary’s search for lodging in Bethlehem.

Salubong

Easter play dramatizing the risen Christ meeting Mary.

Carillo (Shadow Play)

Puppet show with cardboard figures and a white screen.

Zarzuela

Musical comedy or melodrama on social issues.

Sainete

Short play usually performed after Zarzuela.

Moro-Moro

Play showing conflict between Christians and Muslims, ending in conversion.

Karagatan

Game of courtship; poetic joust for a lady’s hand.

Duplo

Poetic contest using proverbs, held at wakes.

Balagtasan

Poetic debate in honor of Francisco Balagtas.

Dung-aw

Chant performed at wakes; lament for the dead.

Awit

12-syllable poetic form, sung slowly; e.g., Florante at Laura.

Corrido

8-syllable poetic form, recited quickly; e.g., Ibong Adarna.

Cavite Revolt (1872)

Uprising that led to execution of GomBurZa; inspired nationalism.

GOMBURZA (Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora)

Three priests executed in 1872; martyrs of nationalism.

Carlos Maria de la Torre

Liberal Spanish governor-general who encouraged reforms.

Propaganda Movement (1872–1896)

Reform movement led by Rizal, Del Pilar, Lopez Jaena; aimed for equality, reforms, and freedom.

Jose Rizal (1861–1896)

National Hero; works include Noli Me Tangere (1887), El Filibusterismo (1891), Mi Ultimo Adios (1896), essays like Sobre la Indolencia & Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años. Pen names: Laong Laan, Dimasalang.

Marcelo H. del Pilar (1850–1896)

Writer & propagandist; pen names Plaridel, Dolores Manapat; works include Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (1882), Dasalan at Tocsohan (1888), Kaiingat Kayo.

Graciano Lopez Jaena (1856–1896)

Orator & propagandist; wrote Fray Botod (1876), La Hija del Fraile, Amor a España; gave 100+ speeches.

Antonio Luna (Tagailog)

Propagandist; editor of La Solidaridad.

Mariano Ponce

Historian of Propaganda Movement; used pen name Tikbalang.

Pedro Paterno

Writer of Ninay, first Philippine social novel in Spanish.

American Period (1898–1941)

Introduced English; lit stages: Re-orientation, Imitation, Self-discovery.0 no

Tribune

Only allowed newspaper during Japanese occupation.

Puppet Government papers

Controlled publications used for propaganda.

Haiku

Japanese poem with 17 syllables (5-7-5).

Tanaga

Indigenous Filipino poem, 7-7-7-7 syllables, with rhyme.