Packet 11 - Time Period 3 (1750-1900) - AP World - The Industrial Revolution

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Socialism (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Society or government manages resources and production to reduce economic inequality.

Wealth of Nations (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Analysis of economic systems advocating free markets and minimal government interference.

Capitalism (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Economic system based on private ownership of trade and industry for profit.

Industrial Capitalism (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Economic system where industry-driven production dominates the market with profit-focused enterprise.

Adam Smith (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Scottish economist who argued that free markets regulate themselves through competition.

Laissez-faire (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in business operations.

Karl Marx (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Theorist who argued that class struggles drive historical change toward a classless society.

Fredrick Engels (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Writer and collaborator who analyzed the effects of industrial capitalism on the working class.

Communism (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Political ideology seeking to abolish private property and establish shared ownership of resources.

Communist Manifesto (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Political pamphlet calling for a revolution to overthrow capitalist systems.

Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Period marked by mechanized production and major technological and economic changes.

Spinning Jenny (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Multi-spindle machine that increased textile production efficiency; invented by James Hargreaves.

Water frame (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Water-powered device that spun thread more quickly and consistently than manual methods; invented by Richard Arkwright.

James Hargreaves (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Inventor credited with creating a machine that revolutionized yarn production; he invented the spinning jenny.

Richard Arkwright (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Entrepreneur who developed a mechanized spinning system for large-scale textile manufacturing; he invented the water frame.

Eli Whitney (Industrial Revolution, North America)

Inventor who created machines that allowed components to be uniformly produced for assembly.

Interchangeable parts (Industrial Revolution, North America)

Standardized components that could be used in multiple machines or products.

Steam engine (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Machine converting heat from fuel into mechanical energy to power industry and transport.

James Watt (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Engineer who improved the efficiency of steam engines, enabling widespread industrial use.

Steamship (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Vessel powered by steam engines, transforming global trade and travel.

Crop rotation (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

System of rotating different crops to maintain soil fertility and improve yields.

Seed drill (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Device that planted seeds at consistent depths and spacing for more reliable growth.

Fossil fuel (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Energy source derived from ancient organic material, commonly used to power machinery.

Coal (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Fuel that powered steam engines and factories during industrial expansion.

Cholera (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Disease spread by contaminated water, often worsening in rapidly urbanizing cities.

Locomotive (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Rail vehicle designed to pull trains over long distances at increased speeds.

George Stephenson (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Engineer who built early railways and advanced locomotive technology.

Transcontinental Railroad (Industrial Revolution, North America) Rail network connecting distant regions, facilitating trade and migration.

Second Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Phase of industrial growth marked by electricity, chemicals, and steel production.

Trans-Siberian Railroad (Industrial Revolution, Central/East Asia)

Railway connecting European Russia with its eastern regions, enabling economic integration.

Bessemer Process (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Method of producing steel rapidly by removing impurities from molten iron.

Edward Jenner (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Physician who developed early vaccination to prevent infectious disease.

Urbanization (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Growth of cities due to migration from rural areas for industrial work.

Industrialization (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Transition from agrarian economies to economies dominated by mechanized production.

Cottage industry (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Home-based manufacturing system where individuals produced goods on a small scale.

Putting-out system (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Process where merchants supplied raw materials for home production and collected finished goods.

Factory system (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Centralized manufacturing where workers operated machines under one roof.

Factors of production (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Resources including land, labor, and capital used to produce goods and services.

Division of labor (Industrial Revolution, Europe) Specialization of tasks to increase efficiency in production.

Assembly line (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Production method where items move sequentially to workers performing specific tasks.

Second Agricultural Revolution (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Innovation in farming techniques increasing efficiency and crop yields.

Enclosure movement (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Consolidation of small farms into larger plots, displacing many rural workers.

Capital (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Financial assets or resources used to invest in business operations.

Corporations (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Business structures allowing multiple investors to own and manage large enterprises.

Stock market (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

System for buying and selling shares of ownership in businesses.

Monopoly (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Market situation where a single firm controls supply and prices of a product.

John Stuart Mill (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Philosopher advocating individual liberty and economic reforms for social welfare.

Tenement (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Crowded and often unsafe housing for urban working-class families.

Working class (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Laborers employed in factories and manual industries.

Middle class (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Social group involved in commerce, professional occupations, and education.

White-collar (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Workers employed in office or administrative jobs rather than manual labor.

Internal combustion engine (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Machine converting fuel into mechanical energy for vehicles and machinery.

Specialization of labor (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Workers focus on a specific task to increase efficiency and productivity.

Textile production (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Manufacturing of cloth and fabric using mechanized processes.

Migrant worker (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Individual who travels to different areas seeking employment in industry or agriculture.

Indentured labor (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Workers contracted to perform labor for a set period in exchange for passage or wages.

Gold standard (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

System where currency value is linked directly to gold reserves.

Insurance (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

System to protect against financial loss from accidents, disasters, or other risks.

Limited-liability corporations (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Business structure limiting investors’ financial responsibility to their initial investment.

Telegraph (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Communication system transmitting messages over long distances using electrical signals.

Evangelical Christianity (Industrial Revolution, Europe)

Religious movement emphasizing personal faith, moral reform, and missionary work.

Extended Family (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Household structure including multiple generations living together.

Nuclear Family (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Household structure composed of parents and their children only.

Proletariat (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Working-class individuals who sell labor in an industrial economy.

Class Consciousness (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Awareness of social and economic status that can influence political action.

Cult of Domesticity (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Cultural ideology idealizing women’s roles in home and family life.

Consumerism (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Economic culture prioritizing the purchase of goods and services for personal satisfaction.

Labor unions (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Organizations of workers that advocate for better pay, conditions, and rights.

Factory Act of 1833 (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Legislation restricting child labor and improving factory conditions.

Strike (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Work stoppage by employees to protest working conditions or demand higher wages.

Collective Bargaining (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Negotiation process between employers and workers to reach labor agreements.

Luddites (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Groups of workers who resisted industrial machinery threatening their jobs.

Pullman Company (Social Revolutions, North America)

Industrial enterprise known for manufacturing railroad cars and labor disputes.

Pullman Strike (Social Revolutions, North America)

Widespread labor protest against wage cuts and poor working conditions.

Upton Sinclair (Social Revolutions, North America)

Author exposing unsanitary and unsafe conditions in the meatpacking industry.

Jacob Riis (Social Revolutions, North America)

Photographer documenting poor living conditions in urban areas.

Utilitarianism (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Philosophy emphasizing actions that maximize overall happiness or welfare.

Utopia (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Concept of an ideal society with equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.

Suffrage (Social Revolutions, Europe) 

Legal right to vote in political elections.

Abolitionist Movement (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Campaign to end the practice of slavery in various countries.

Olaudah Equiano (Social Revolutions, West Africa/Europe)

Former enslaved person who wrote about his experiences and advocated for abolition.

Jose Antonio de Alzate y Ramirez (Social Revolutions, Latin America)

Scientist and writer documenting natural phenomena in colonial territories.

Feminism (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Movement advocating for political, social, and economic equality for women.

Olympe de Gouges (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Writer and activist promoting women’s rights during the French Revolution.

Lucretia Mott (Social Revolutions, North America)

Quaker reformer advocating for abolition and women’s rights.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Social Revolutions, North America)

Leader in the movement for women’s suffrage and equality.

Victorian (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Cultural period characterized by strict social morals and industrial growth.

Forton Family (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Representative household illustrating typical middle-class Victorian life.

New Woman (Social Revolutions, Europe)

Cultural idea of an independent, educated, and politically active woman.

Seneca Falls Conference (Social Revolutions, North America)

First organized meeting calling for women’s equal rights and suffrage.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company (Social Revolutions, North America)

Textile factory known for labor violations and a deadly fire that led to reforms.

Universal Suffrage (Social Revolutions, Europe/North America)

Extension of voting rights to all adult citizens regardless of gender or social status.

Temperance (Social Revolutions, Europe/North America)

Social movement advocating reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption.