BME 302

stroke volume is proportional to end-diastolic volume

the Frank-Starling law states:

vasoconstriction, platelet plug, exposed collagen, thrombus

the steps of hemostasis are

filtration, leaky cell junction, solute concentration, absorption

in capillaries, hydrostatic pressure drives _____ through ____ ____ ____, whereas osmotic pressure depends on _____ ______ and drives _____

fill in the blanks

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

muscle cell types listed in order of twitch speed from fastest to slowest

false

true or false: smooth muscle has sarcomeres

acetylcholine

which neurotransmitter is released by somatic motor neurons

true

true or false: muscle fibers run the whole length of the muscle

phasic, tonic

what are the two types of smooth muscle contraction patterns?

cell, axon terminal

in single-unit smooth muscle; in multi-unit smooth muscle, each ___ has a ___ ___

false

true or false: smooth muscle has nebulin and titin

tropomyosin, actin binding site

the power stroke of the myosin head begins when _____ moves off of the ____ ____ ____

muscle fasicle, muscle fiber, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, multiple nuclei, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, mitochondria, troponin, actin, tropomyosin, myosin, titin, actin, sarcomere

fill in the blanks

ATP, myosin, myosin, ATP, power stroke, myosin, ADP

steps of the contraction cycle

1. __ binds to __

2. __ hydrolyzes __

3. __ __ begins

4. __ releases __

ATP, ADP, myosin, myosin, G-actin

in the rigor state, no __ or __ is bound to __, and the __ are tightly bound to __ -__ molecules

G-actin

F-actin is the result of multiple polymerized ____ molecules

false

true or false: the Hagen-Pousille equation is applicable to gases

I band, H zone, A band, Z disks

during contraction of a sarcomere, the ___ and ___ shrink, while the length of the ___ remains constant, bringing the ___ of the sarcomere closer together 

A band, I band, H zone, Z disk, M line

fill in the blanks

titin, nebulin

the two accessory proteins that ensure alignment of filaments within a sarcomere are ___ (which is ___) and ___ (which is ___)

phosphocreatine

which molecule is the backup energy source for muscles?

central fatigue is caused by the ___, while peripheral fatigue can arise from communication failure at the __ ___ or failure of the ___ ___ ___

false

true or false: lack of ATP is a factor in muscle fatigue

slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers, fast-twitch glycolytic fibers

what are the 3 types of muscle fibers

myoglobin, mitochondria, capillary blood

slow-twitch oxidative muscle has more red ____, ____, and ___ ___supply compared to fast-twitch glycolytic muscle

events at neuromuscular junction, excitation-contraction coupling, Ca2+ signal, contraction relaxation cycle, muscle twitch, sliding filament theory

fill in this map of the events in muscle contractions

true

true or false: all muscle fibers in a single motor unit are of the same fiber type

muscle twitch

a single contraction-relaxation cycle is also known as a __ __

ACh, Na+, ACh, action potential

steps of muscle AP initiation: fill in the blanks

t-tubule, DHP, Ca2+, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+, cytoplasm, Ca2+, troponin, actin-myosin, myosin, actin, sarcomere

steps of excitation-contraction coupling: fill in the blanks

Ca2+ATPase, Ca2+, Ca2+, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin

relaxation phase: fill in the blanks

skeletal, cardiac

muscle types that are striated

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

muscle types that are electrically linked

cardiac muscle

muscle type with gap junctions in intercalated disks

is equal to

blood flow to the lungs _____ blood flow to the rest of the body

I, II

type ___ alveolar cells are responsible for gas exchange, while type __ alveolar cells produce surfactant

flow, pressure

pulmonary circulation is high ___, low ___

macrophages, phagocyte

alveolar ____ ingest foreign material within the alveoli (they are a type of _____)

tidal volume

____ ____ is the volume that moves during a respiratory cycle

inspiratory reserve volume

____ ____ ___ is the additional volume above tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

__ ___ ___ is the volume forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration

IRV, ERV, VT

vital capacity is the sum of ____, _____, and _____

VC, RV

total lung capacity is the sum of ____ and ____

pleural pressure

_____ _____ is the constant negative pressure that keeps the lungs “inflated”

surface tension, smaller, pressure

the law of LaPlace states that if two bubbles have the same ____ ____, the _____ bubble will have higher ____

dead space

total pulmonary ventilation is greater than alveolar ventilation because of ___ ___

CO2, exhaled air

bronchiole diameter is mediated primarily by ___ levels in ___ ____ passing through them

dilate

as PCO2 increases, the bronchioles and systemic arteries _____ (dilate/constrict)

hypoxia, hypercapnia

_____ means too little oxygen, and _____ means increased concentrations of CO2

emphysema

what disease state does this represent

fibrotic lung disease

what disease state does this represent

pulmonary edema

what disease state does this represent

asthma

what disease state does this represen

oxygen, carbon dioxide

____ (carbon dioxide/oxygen) is NOT very soluble in liquids, but _____ is (oxygen/carbon dioxide)

increasing, decreasing, increasing, 2,3 BPG

the following parameters shift the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve right: ____ pH, ___ P_CO2, ___ temperature, ___ amount of the metabolic compound ___

L * viscosity, r^4

resistance to air flow within a tube is proportional to…?

excretion, lumen, outsider the body, filtration, blood, lumen, reabsorption, lumen, blood, secretion, blood, lumen

the four processes of the kidney, list in alphabetical order, are

1. _______, involving movement from ____ to _____

2. _______, involving movement from ____ to _____

3. _______, involving movement from ____ to _____

4. _______, involving movement from ____ to _____

anaerobic

_______ (anaerobic/aerobic) metabolism is FAST but INEFFICIENT

glucose, lactic acid

anaerobic metabolism requires ______ and produces _____

false

true or false: myosin heads are released in unison at the end of a powerstroke

asynchronous

______ recruitment of motor units helps avoid fatigue

right

everything associated with an increase in metabolism (decrease in PO2, increase in PCO2, increase in pH, decrease in shifts the hemoglobin saturation curve to the ____

kidneys

erythropoietin is produced by the ____

hypertonic, hypotonic

red blood cells shrink in a ______ medium and grow in a _____ medium

plasma, hemoglobin

O2 dissolves in ____ first before being taken up by ______

true

true or false: temperature within the lungs more or less always remains at 37 C

venous return

end diastolic volume can be increased by increasing _______ _____

preload, contraction

_____ is the degree of stretch of the heart just before ______

carbaminohemoglobin, bicarbonate, carbonic anhydrase

while some carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin as _________, most carbon dioxide exists as ______ in the blood, lowering pH when protons are removed by _________

filtration, absorption

most capillaries show a transition from net ________ at the arterial end to net ________ at the venous end