aphg unit 6-7 6 and 7

Agglomeration

The spatial clustering of people

Backwash effect

The negative impacts of development and economic activity in one region on another

Break-bulk point

A location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another or from one carrier to another for further distribution.

Bulk-gaining goods/industry

An industry in which the final product gains weight or volume during production

Bulk-reducing goods/industry

An industry in which the final product loses weight or volume during production

Business park

An area of land developed for office buildings

Commodity dependence

A condition in which a country's economy relies heavily on the export of a limited range of raw materials or primary commodities.

Comparative advantage

The ability of a country

Complementarity

The degree to which two places

Cottage industry

Small-scale production of goods

Deindustrialization

The decline in the importance of manufacturing industries in a country or region

Dependency theory

A theory that posits the development of less developed countries is hindered by their reliance on and subordination to more developed countries in the global economy.

E-commerce

Commercial transactions conducted electronically over the internet

Economic indicators

Quantitative measurements used to assess and analyze the performance and health of an economy

Ecotourism

Tourism that focuses on responsible travel to natural areas

Fordism

A system of mass production and consumption characterized by standardized

Foreign investment

Capital invested in a country by individuals

Formal economy

Economic activities that are officially recognized

Gender inequality index (GII)

A measure of gender-based disparities in reproductive health

Gross domestic product (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period

Gross national income (GNI)

The total income earned by a country's residents

Gross national product (GNP)

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents

Growth pole

A region or urban center with a concentration of economic activities

Human development index (HDI)

A composite index that measures a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health

Just-in-time delivery

A production and inventory management strategy that aims to minimize carrying costs and waste by delivering raw materials and components precisely when they are needed for production.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrialization

Industrialization

The process of transforming an economy from primarily agricultural or resource-based to one based on manufacturing

Industrialized countries

Countries with advanced industrial and technological capacities

Informal economy

Economic activities that are not regulated or protected by the state

Microloan

A small

Multiplier effect

Amplification of initial spending or investment in an economy

Neoliberalism

An economic and political ideology that supports the free market

Off-shoring

The practice of relocating business operations or processes to another country

Outsourcing

The contracting out of a business function or task to an external party

Post-Fordist methods of production

Flexible production systems that evolved beyond traditional mass production techniques

Primary economic activities

Activities associated with the extraction and production of raw materials from the natural environment

Secondary economic activities

Activities involving the processing and manufacturing of raw materials into finished products

Tertiary economic activities

The provision of services to individuals and businesses

Quaternary economic activities

Knowledge-based services involving research and development

Quinary economic activities

High-level decision-making and managerial roles involving policy and strategic direction

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

A theory outlining five stages of economic development—traditional society

Rust Belt

A region in the northeastern and midwestern United States that experienced a decline in heavy industry and manufacturing sectors

Service-based economy

An economic system where a significant portion of activity is focused on services rather than goods

Specialty good

A unique

Sustainable development

Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet theirs

Tariff

A tax or duty imposed on imported goods and services by a government

Tertiary economic activities

The provision of services to individuals and businesses

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

A theory dividing the global economy into core

Barriadas/Barrio

An urban community or neighborhood

Blockbusting

The practice of persuading property owners to sell cheaply due to fear of a different race or class moving into the neighborhood

Census tract

Small

Central Business District (CBD)

The commercial and business center of a city marked by high land values

Central Place Theory

A geographical theory explaining the number

Centrality

The functional dominance or importance of a center in a particular urban location.

Centralization

The process of concentrating activities and services at a central location.

City

A large and densely populated urban area.

Cityscapes

The visual appearance of a city

Colonial city

A city established or developed as an administrative or commercial center by a colonial power.

Commercialization

The process of introducing a new product or production method to the market to increase sales.

Concentric Zone Model

A model of urban structure where social groups are arranged in concentric rings radiating from the city center.

Counterurbanization

The movement of people and jobs from major cities to smaller towns and rural areas.

Decentralization

The transfer of authority for public functions from central government to lower-level or private organizations.

Early cities

Urban centers with pre-industrial governance

Ecological footprint

A measure of human impact on the environment expressed as the land area required to sustain consumption.

Economic base

The key industry that supports an area's economy by generating revenue and employment.

Edge city

A suburban commercial hub on a city's outskirts

Emerging cities

Cities experiencing rapid growth in population and economic activity.

Employment structure

The distribution of employment across different sectors within a region.

Entrepot

A port or trading post where goods are imported

Ethnic neighborhood

A district predominantly populated by a specific ethnic group.

Favela

A Brazilian slum or shantytown typically found in urban areas.

Female-headed household

A household led and primarily supported financially by a woman.

Festival landscape

Spaces that host events and festivals

Galactic City Model

A model depicting modern urban expansion in multiple nodes around a traditional CBD.

Gateway city

A city serving as a link between regions due to geographic location or historical significance.

Gentrification

The renewal of urban areas by middle-class influx

Ghetto

A part of a city

Griffin Ford Model

A model of Latin American urban areas integrating traditional patterns with globalization influences.

Hinterland

The surrounding area economically served by an urban center.

Infrastructure

Basic physical and organizational structures necessary for societal functioning.

McGee Model

A model of Southeast Asian urban areas combining traditional and globalized elements.

Megacity

An urban area with more than 10 million inhabitants.

Metacity

A city with over 20 million inhabitants.

Multiple Nuclei Land-Use Model

A model emphasizing multiple centers of activity connected by transportation networks.

New urbanism

A planning approach promoting walkable

Primate cities

Cities that dominate a country's economy

Racial steering

Directing home buyers toward or away from neighborhoods based on race.

Rank-size rule

A pattern where the nth largest city has 1/n the population of the largest city.

Recycling

The process of converting waste into new materials and products.

Redlining

Denial of financial services to residents of certain areas based on race or ethnicity.

Reserve

Land set aside by a government for preservation

Sector Model

A model of urban land use emphasizing transportation corridors and sector-shaped zones.

Site

The physical characteristics of a location

Situation

A location's context in relation to its surroundings and connectivity.

Slow-growth city

A city with intentionally limited development leading to gradual population growth.

Stockpiling

Accumulating and storing large quantities of goods in anticipation of future demand.

Substitutability

The extent to which one good or factor can replace another.

Suburbanization

The movement of population from urban cores to surrounding suburbs.

Urbanization

The increasing proportion of a population living in urban areas.

Urban hierarchy

A ranking of cities based on size