1.ab Current spatial patterns of migration

How does the Schengen Agreement affect migration?

Schengen Agreement = Lack of national borders in European countries - allows freedom of movement - removes intervening obstacles. BUT some countries not in Schengen Area (i.e. Russia, Ireland)

Definition of Intervening Obstacle

physical, economic, social or political factors that disrupt (in some times stop) migration between origin and destination

Date of largest expansion of the EU and the nickname given to the countries that joined?

2004 & A8 countries

Name of the A2 countries that joined in 2007

Bulgaria and Romania

Name 3 of the A8 countries

Czech Rep, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia

Most of migrants from A8 countries could be considered.....

Economic migrants in search of higher wages

Non-economic reasons for intra-regional migration in EU (4)

education (to study), joining family, retiring or return flows to source country

What is the Central Mediterranena Route and numbers of people at highest migrating?

Inter-regional migration from Libyan ports to southern Italy - peaked during the European Migrant Crisis in 2015. As many as 180k people a year arrived by sea in Italy in mid 2010s (down to 40k now) - with 22k deaths on route since 2014

Which are the top countries of origin for UK immigrants?

India, Poland, Pakistan, Ireland, Germany, Bangladesh, USA.

Which are the top host countries that UK migrants are emigrating too?

Australia, Canada, Spain, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland.

What are 4 main reaons for long term immigration to the UK?

work & study (makes up 70% of all immigrants). Also family reunification and humanitarian protection - last group is very small less than 5%

What are main reaons for long term emigration away from UK?

Employment (often high skilled jobs/managerial positions) , retirement (high prices in U.K for houses/poor weather) and family reunification