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Prejudice

An unjustified, preconceived negative attitude or belief about a person based solely on their membership in a social group.

Discrimination

Unfair, biased, negative actions or decisions that treat a person or group unequally based on their perceived or actual membership in a protected group.

Stereotypes

Oversimplified assumptions about the qualities and characteristics of people based solely on their membership in a group.

Sex

A set of biological variables associated with physiological and physical indicators like chromosomes and reproductive anatomy.

Gender

Norms associated with social expectations of femininity and masculinity based on one's biological sex.

Cisgender

A person whose self-identified gender matches the biological sex assigned at birth.

Transgender

A person whose self-identified gender does not match the biological sex assigned at birth.

Heteronormative

A societal view that assumes heterosexual relationships are the norm and privileges them over other sexual orientations.

Privilege

An unearned and mostly unacknowledged societal advantage held by a restricted group of people over others.

Homophobia

A generalized fear or intolerance of sexual orientation minorities based on prejudice.

Institutional discrimination

Bias or oppression structured within social institutions that systematically disadvantage certain groups.

Direct discrimination

When individuals are treated less favorably than others due to a protected personal attribute.

Indirect discrimination

Policies or practices that appear to treat everyone equally but disadvantage certain groups.

Social sanctions

Actions taken in response to behaviors deemed abnormal by society to enforce normative guidelines.

Gender identity

The innermost self-conception of one’s gender, as being a woman, man, or transgender.

Stereotype vs. Prejudice

Stereotypes are assumptions leading to beliefs (prejudice) about a group.

De jure discrimination

Discrimination mandated by law or policy.

De facto discrimination

Discrimination that occurs through customs or practices without legal basis.

Gender logic

Social rules that attempt to organize the relationships of women and men in society.

Two-spirit

A term used by some Indigenous peoples to describe individuals embodying both masculine and feminine spirits.

LGBTQ2S+

An acronym encompassing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Two-Spirited, and other sexual and gender identities.

Physical activity interventions often target individuals, but this focuses on a __ subset of the population.

small

The myth of meritocracy suggests that individuals succeed solely based on their __ .

abilities, talents, and efforts

Addressing social determinants of health aims to create environments that __ physical activity and health for all.

promote

The availability of physical activity resources is typically __ for high social class areas compared to low social class areas.

greater

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

Interconnected, non-medical factors that influence individual and population health, including social, economic, and physical environmental factors.

Cumulative Effects

The concept that social determinants can add up to disproportionately impact different populations, leading to compounded disadvantages or advantages.

Risk Factors

Negative social determinants that contribute to lower health outcomes, such as high crime neighborhoods.

Protective Factors

Positive social determinants that help improve health outcomes, such as low crime neighborhoods.

Social Inequality

The unequal distribution of access to valued resources, opportunities, and positions in society.

Social Stratification

An institutionalized system of social inequality that divides people into different strata based on factors such as wealth, income, and social status.

Meritocracy

A societal belief that individuals succeed solely based on their talents, efforts, and merits.

Equality of Opportunity

The idea that all individuals have the same start line and access to resources, allowing equal chances for success.

Population-based Framework

An approach to addressing health issues that focuses on the impact of social determinants on physical activity among different population groups.

Physical Determinants

Environmental factors that impact physical activity opportunities, such as access to parks, trails, and recreation facilities.

Social Determinants of Physical Activity

Factors within social and physical environments affecting opportunities to engage in physical activity.

Discrimination

Unjust treatment of different categories of people, often leading to disparities in opportunities and resources.

Access to Resources

The availability of support and resources, such as education and healthcare, crucial for enabling physical activity.

Social Support

The assistance and encouragement received from social networks that can facilitate active lifestyles.

Community Design

The planning and structure of a community which can either promote or hinder opportunities for physical activity.

Built Environment

Man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, which can influence physical activity.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A measure that combines income, education, and occupation to determine an individual's social position.

Prevention Strategies

Approaches aimed at addressing and mitigating the impact of social determinants on health and physical activity.

Access to Education

The availability and quality of educational opportunities, which can impact socioeconomic status and health outcomes.

Quality of Education

The effectiveness and comprehensiveness of education systems, influencing long-term health and lifestyle choices.

Natural Environments

Unmodified physical surroundings, such as parks and bodies of water, that can provide opportunities for physical activity.

Physical Activity Guidelines

Recommendations for the amount and type of physical activity adults should engage in to maintain health.

Barriers to Exercise

Factors that prevent individuals, particularly those in low-income communities, from engaging in physical activity.

Cultural Relevance

The incorporation of cultural practices and values into activities that promote physical health, such as traditional dancing or land-based activities.

Food Desert

An area where access to affordable and nutritious food is limited, impacting dietary choices and health.

Socioeconomic Status

An individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, often measured by income, education, and occupation.

Walkable Neighborhoods

Areas designed to be pedestrian-friendly, encouraging walking and physical activity as part of daily life.

Community Engagement

Involvement of individuals in their community to promote social networks and collective physical activity.

Health Equity

The principle that everyone should have a fair and just opportunity to be as healthy as possible, regardless of social or economic status.

Nike's 'Just Do It' Philosophy

A motivational approach suggesting that individuals should simply take action to achieve their goals, often criticized for ignoring contextual barriers.

Intramural Activities

Sports or activities conducted within a particular institution, such as schools, promoting physical activity among students.

ParticipACTION

A national non-profit organization in Canada that aims to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviors among Canadians.

2020 ParticipACTION Report Card

The most comprehensive assessment of child and youth physical activity in Canada that evaluates 14 indicators using data from various sources.

Physical Activity

Any voluntary bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.

Sedentary Behaviour

Any waking behavior characterized by low energy expenditure while in a sitting, reclining or lying posture.

Daily Behaviours

Activities assessed that include overall physical activity, active play, active transportation, organized sport, physical education, sedentary behaviors, and sleep.

Physical Literacy

The motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life.

24-Hour Movement Guidelines

Recommendations that encourage children and youth to achieve a balanced approach to physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep.

Active Transportation

Any method of transportation that involves physical activity, such as walking, cycling, or wheeling.

Organized Sport

Structured activities supervised by trained individuals that are designed for organized participation.

Overall Physical Activity Grade D+

Indicates that only a small percentage of Canadian children meet the physical activity recommendations of at least 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity each day.

Sleep Recommendations

Guidelines suggesting that children aged 5-13 years should get 9-11 hours of sleep; those aged 14-17 years should get 8-10 hours.

Family Influence

The impact of family members on the physical activity levels, sleep, and sedentary behaviors of children and youth.

Community & Environment Grade B+

Reflects a high availability of infrastructure and programs encouraging physical activity, though many municipalities have unmet infrastructure needs.

Government Strategies & Investments Grade B-

Demonstrates observable efforts by the government to promote physical activity among children and youth in Canada.

Screen Time Recommendations

Advisories that suggest no more than 2 hours of recreational screen time per day to promote better health outcomes for children.

Research Gaps

Areas identified in the Report Card that require additional investigation to understand and improve physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep among children.

Income

Amount of money received through paid labor and/or investments.

Social Class

A grouping based on social factors, including income, wealth, education, and occupation.

Meritocracy

The idea that effort and individual talent determines success.

Upper Class

The wealthiest and most powerful class, often characterized by inherited wealth (old money) or self-earned wealth (new money).

Middle Class

Typically consists of individuals with at least a two-year college degree, often enjoying comfortable lives and white-collar jobs.

Working Class

Individuals who perform blue collar jobs requiring little skill or experience, often under close supervision.

Blue Collar Workers

Workers who perform manual labor and are typically paid hourly wages.

Pink Collar Workers

Low-paying, semi-skilled positions traditionally held by women, such as daycare workers or cleaners.

Lower Class

Individuals who have less education and smaller incomes, often vulnerable to socioeconomic challenges.

Social Mobility

The ability to change social class positions, either upwards or downwards.

Intergenerational Mobility

Differences in social classes between family generations.

Intragenerational Mobility

Differences in social classes between different members of the same generation.

Structural Mobility

Societal changes that enable a whole group of people to move within the social ladder.

Disparities in Physical Activity

Differing rates and types of physical activity participation based on social class and income levels.

Conspicuous Consumption

Using physical activity and leisure as a means of showcasing one's privileged position.

Social Exclusivity

Characteristics of physical activities that limit participation to a select, wealthier group.

Barriers to Physical Activity

Challenges such as time, costs, and unsafe environments that prevent low-income individuals from being active.

Social Capital

The benefits derived from social relationships and networks, which can influence physical activity levels.

Equitable Opportunities

Strategies aimed at providing fair access to physical activity resources and opportunities.

KidSport

A program in Canada that supports children from low-income families with sport registration fees and equipment costs.

Prole Sports

Low-cost physical activities often associated with the working class, incorporating elements of violence.

Race

A social construct with no genetic or biological basis, categorized by superficial physical characteristics.

Racialization

The social process of categorizing individuals into specific racial groups based on physical characteristics.

Ethnicity

Social distinction due to shared history and culture, acquired through a shared way of life, practices, values, and traditions.

Systemic Racism

Deeply embedded and widespread racism in society, affecting laws, policies, individual beliefs, and institutional practices.

BIPOC

An acronym for Black, Indigenous, People of Color, acknowledging their shared experiences with systemic discrimination.

White Privilege

Unquestioned advantages and benefits afforded to white individuals in society, often unconsciously.

Microaggressions

Brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral, or environmental slights that communicate hostile or derogatory messages to marginalized groups.